02485naa a2200337 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902400330006010000170009324501060011026000090021652014650022565000220169065000100171265300290172270000210175170000140177270000180178670000200180470000200182470000190184470000200186370000200188370000140190370000210191770000200193870000180195870000160197670000190199277301360201119604672017-05-18       2013    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d7 a10.1073/pnas.12207661102DOI1 aMARON, L. G.  aAluminum tolerance in maize is associated with higher MATE 1 gene copy number.h[electronic resource]  c2013  aGenome structure variation, including copy number variation and presence/absence variation, comprises a large extent of maize genetic diversity; however, its effect on phenotypes remains largely unexplored. Here, we describe how copy number variation underlies a rare allele that contributes to maize aluminum (Al) tolerance. Al toxicity is the primary limitation for crop production on acid soils, which makeup 50% of the world’s potentially arable lands. In arecombinant inbred line mapping population, copy number variation of the Al tolerance gene multidrug and toxic compound extrusion 1(MATE1) is the basis for the quantitative trait locus of largest effect on phenotypic variation. This expansion in MATE1 copy number is associated with higher MATE1 expression, which in turn results in superior Al tolerance. The three MATE1 copies are identical and are part of a tandem triplication. Only three maize inbred lines carrying the three-copy allele were identified from maize and teosinte diversity panels, indicating that copy number variationforMATE1 is a rare,and quite likely recent, event. These maize lines with higher MATE1 copy number are also Al-tolerant, have high MATE1 expression, and originate from regions of highly acidic soils. Our findings show a role for copy number variation in the adaptation of maize to acidic soils in the tropics and suggest that genome structural changes may be a rapid evolutionary response to new environments.  aGenética vegetal  aMilho  aTolerância ao alumínio1 aGUIMARAES, C. T.1 aKIRST, M.1 aALBERT, P. S.1 aBIRCHLER, J. A.1 aBRADBURY, P. J.1 aBUCKLER, E. S.1 aCOLUCCIO, A. E.1 aDANILOVA, T. V.1 aKUDMA, D.1 aMAGALHAES, J. V.1 aPIÑEROS, M. A.1 aSCHATZ, M. C.1 aWING, R. A.1 aKOCHIAN, L. V.  tProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Washington,v. 110gn. 13, p. 5241-5246, Mar. 2013.