03081naa a2200457 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902400410006010000180010124501290011926000090024852016750025765000260193265000150195865000120197365000300198565000210201565000180203665000130205465000220206765000130208965000240210265000260212665000220215265000230217465300240219765300240222165300230224565300120226865300260228065300270230665300200233365300340235365300380238765300450242565300190247070000260248970000180251570000220253377300680255519488562021-07-06       2012    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d7 a10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.07.0222DOI1 aKLIMAS, C. A.  aViability of combined timber and non-timber harvests for one speciesba Carapa guianensis case study.h[electronic resource]  c2012  aThere is growing consensus that sustainable use has a significant role to play in global conservation. Tropical forests are no different, and managing them for multiple products is envisioned as a preferable alternative to timber-dominant management models. Limited research, however, has tested coupling timber and non-timber harvests in multiple-use species for both economic gain and long-term species conservation. We employ matrix population models and the extinction time cumulative distribution function to examine one such species, Carapa guianensis. We investigated sustainable harvests of C. guianensis in two forest types in which it occurs naturally in western Amazonia, testing whether differences between forest types affect population responses to harvest under measured environmental stochasticity regimes. Our results indicated that some C. guianensis populations may be suitable for extraction of seeds, timber, or a combination of both. In upland or terra firme forest sites, model projections suggested that no tested levels of seed and timber extraction were sustainable. In contrast, we found the potential for compatibility between seed and timber harvest in occasionally inundated forests. In these sites, which are ecologically similar to wet areas where Carapa thrives throughout its range, our results suggested that 10% annual seed harvests were compatible with 100% timber harvests of trees ≥50 cm twice a century, the equivalent of approximately two trees per hectare. Application of this research approach to other economically important tropical species could increase the diversity of Amazonian management and conservation options.  aAgricultural research  aHarvesting  aLogging  aNontimber forest products  aTropical forests  aTropical wood  aAndiroba  aCarapa guianensis  aColheita  aEssência florestal  aExtração da madeira  aFloresta tropical  aPesquisa florestal  aAmazonia Occidental  aAmazônia Ocidental  aBosques tropicales  aCosecha  aExplotación forestal  aInvestigación agraria  aMadera tropical  aManejo florestal sustentável  aProductos forestales no madereros  aProduto florestal não madeireiro (PFNM)  aWestern Amazon1 aCROPPER JUNIOR, W. P.1 aKAINER, K. A.1 aWADT, L. H. de O.  tEcological Modelling, Amsterdamgv. 246, p. 147-156, Nov. 2012.