02238naa a2200253 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001910000210006024501870008126000090026852013830027765000170166065000100167765000260168765300310171365300290174470000230177370000250179670000170182170000190183870000220185770000210187977300840190018534102017-01-23       2008    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d1 aFREIRE, M. C. M.  aEvolutionary history of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (the Asian soybean rust) in Brazil based on nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA.  c2008  aPhakopsora pachyrhizi has dispersed globally and brought severe economic losses to soybean growers. The fungus has been established in Brazil since 2002 and is found nationwide. To gather information on the temporal and spatial patterns of genetic variation in P. pachyrhizi, we sequenced the nuclear internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2). Total genomic DNA was extracted using either lyophilized urediniospores or lesions removed from infected leaves sampled from 26 soybean fields in Brazil and one field in South Africa. Cloning prior to sequencing was necessary because direct sequencing of PCR amplicons gave partially unreadable electrophoretograms with peak displacements suggestive of multiple sequences with length polymorphism. Sequences were determined from four clones per field. ITS sequences from African or Asian isolates available from the GenBank were included in the analyses. Independent sequence alignments of the ITS1 and ITS2 datasets identified 27 and 19 ribotypes, respectively. Molecular phylogeographic analyses revealed that ribotypes of widespread distribution in Brazil displayed characteristics of ancestrality and were shared with Africa and Asia, while ribotypes of rare occurrence in Brazil were indigenous. The results suggest P. pachyrhizi found in Brazil as originating from multiple, independent long-distance dispersal events.  aSoybean rust  aFungo  aPhakopsora pachyrhizi  aFerrugem asiática da soja  aFungal disease of plants1 aOLIVEIRA, L. O. de1 aALMEIDA, A. M. de R.1 aSCHUSTER, I.1 aMOREIRA, M. A.1 aLIEBENBERG, M. M.1 aMIENIE, C. M. S.  tGenetics and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Pretogv. 31, n. 4, p. 920-931, 2008.