03319nam a2200349 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001910000170006024501050007726000390018230000100022150000190023152024230025065000230267365000100269665000170270665000160272365000170273965000160275665000160277265000240278865000220281265000140283465000100284865000150285865000100287365300270288365300170291065300170292765300130294465300120295715594101999-11-22       1999    bl uuuu  m   00u1 u    #d1 aALVES, R. T.  aDevelopment of mycoinsecticide formulations and application techniques appropriate for pest control.  aLondon: University of Londonc1999  a225p.  aPh. D. Thesis.  aThis thesis describes laboratory studies that wiil form the basis for future feild work on these crop-pest-mycoinsecticides-spray interactions. Emphasis was placed on the Brazilian agricultural situation. A range of emulsifiable adjuvant oils (EAOs) was selected to formulate conidia of Metarhizium anisoplice and M. flavoride. Conibia of M. flovoviride formulated in EAOs can be stored at 27 oC for 35 weeks with viability of 80% and for 40 weeks at 10 oC with viability above 90%. The addition of 10% EAO enhanced infectivity of M. anisoplice in water-based on Tenebrio militor larvae compared with water phus 0.05% Tween 80. They were as infective as conidia formulated in peanut oil. The spray residue of M. flavoviride conidia, formulated in an EAO, on wheat leaves was as infective as the spray residue of an oil-based formulation in killing the locust Schistocerca gragaria. Four EAOs, peanut oil and Shellsol plus Ondina enhanced the tolerance of M. anisoplice conidia againts UV light for up to 6 hours. Comparisons of drop spreading demonstrated that when the concentration of EAO was increased, spreding also increased. Oils spread more rapidly than water-based formulations. Concentration between 5-25% of an EAO enhanced the infectivity of M. anisoplice more than water plus. 0.05% Tween 80 and were as effective as peanut oil fungal formulation in killing T. molitor. When the concentration of EAO was increased, the formulation viscosity and the evaporation decreased. EAO formulations reitained 10% of the initial weight after evaporation. This was sufficient to allow an even spread and thereby enhances the fungal infectivity on insect pests. Flow rate was not affected when the concentration of EAO was increased up to 10%. All tested sprayers can apply water-based mycoinsecticide formulations in theright size-band (75-150 um) for a CDA context, but it is necessary to fit the appropriate type of nozzle to achieve that aim. None of the sprayers/nozzles affected the conidial viability. The concentration of sprayed conidia was not affected by application with a knapsack and a spinning disc sprayer, whereas motorised mistoblowers affected that concentration. These results should helpful for researchers and famers to select appropriate application equipment in order to make the best use of EAOs, whilst maintaining adequate spray coverage with reduced spray volumes to achieve high work rates.  abiological control  afungi  ainsecticides  aMetarhizium  apest control  aAgricultura  aAgrotóxico  aControle Biológico  aControle Químico  aDefensivo  aFungo  aInseticida  aPraga  aAgricultural chemicals  aBiopesticida  aBiopesticide  aChemical  aControl