02170naa a2200229 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001910000180006024501350007826000090021352014950022265000230171765000230174065000100176365000110177365000100178465000130179465000120180765000220181965300260184177300730186715235582023-05-18       1991    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d1 aMcADAM, J. H.  aAn evaluation of tree protection methods against Scottish Blackface sheep in an upland agroforestry system.h[electronic resource]  c1991  aAbstract: The initial protection of trees against grazing stock is essential to the establishment of silvopastoral trials in upland areas. In a trial to evaluate protection methods, three tree species (sycamore, ash and larch) were planted at 400 stems ha−1 in an upland sward previously reseeded with perennial ryegrass. Eight tree protection options involving combination of primary stake, secondary stake and shelter shape were tested in plots with 5 trees randomised in six replicated blocks. Swards were grazed down to approximately 1.5 cm and allowed to regrow to 8 cm. Tree damage assessment was carried out after each grazing cycle and minor damage (e.g., loose ties) made good. Overall, 7.3% of trees were completely destroyed but 70% suffered some damage, much of which would need remedial attention. Tree survival was better where two stakes were used (irrespective of size) rather than one stake with a short peg. However the main cause of damage with the latter method was associated with the security of the ties rather than damage to the shelters. Damage to square section shelters (mainly crushing) was significantly greater than to round section shelters (30.4% and 3.3%, respectively), although ties were more liable to come off the round shelters than the square shelters. Provided tie quality and security were improved, a 1.8 m primary stake, short secondary peg and 1.5 m round section shelter would give the most cost effective protection of the methods tested.  aGrazing management  aPasture management  aSheep  aManejo  aOvino  aPastagem  aPastejo  aTaxa de Lotação  aSistema agroflorestal  tForest Ecology and Managementgv. 45, n. 1/4, p. 119-125, Nov. 1991.