02960naa a2200385 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400380007410000220011224501450013426000090027952017040028865000160199265000250200865000300203365000250206365000250208865000220211365000260213565300230216165300230218465300210220765300200222865300380224865300450228665300260233165300230235765300250238065300290240570000180243470000230245270000220247577300770249715062342021-07-28       2008    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a0006-32077 a10.1016/j.biocon.2007.10.0072DOI1 aWADT, L. H. de O.  aSustainable forest use in Brazilian extractive reservesbnatural regeneration of Brazil nut in exploited populations.h[electronic resource]  c2008  aThe emergence of Brazilian extractive reserves reinforced the notion that sustainable forest use could play a central role in conservation. Brazil nut is considered a model non-timber product for promoting conservation through use. Demographic studies, however, have demonstrated differential impacts of nut harvest on Brazil nut population structure. Comparing three populations with different forest use histories, degrees of road access, and recent levels of nut harvest, we asked: (1) Are they exhibiting regeneration failure? and (2) Are seedling/sapling densities explained by adult Brazil nut structure, fruit fate and/or overall forest structure? We installed four 9-ha plots in each site to census Brazil nut trees &gt 10 cm dbh, and within each plot, 36 subplots (25 × 25 m each) to quantify regeneration, overall forest structure, and open and closed fruit counts. Approximately 29-55% of fruits was unharvested, and more than 90% of these was opened by scatterhoarding dispersers. Population structure approximated a reverse-J size class distribution, with seedling densities varying from 3.2 to 5.8 individuals ha-1. We conclude that within the current harvest context, regeneration is sufficient for population persistence in our sites, at least over the medium term. The socioeconomics of sustainably managing Brazil nut is the greater challenge, involving interlinked competitive land uses, nut quality, and substantial increases in local income from harvest. Some of these challenges are being addressed in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, providing hope that this cornerstone extractive species will continue to play a prominent role in the ecological and economic landscape of Amazonia.  aBrazil nuts  aNatural regeneration  aNontimber forest products  aSustainable forestry  aBertholletia excelsa  aCastanha do pará  aRegeneração natural  aCastanha do brasil  aExtractive reserve  aManejo florestal  aNuez del Brasil  aProductos forestales no madereros  aProduto florestal não madeireiro (PFNM)  aRegeneración natural  aReserva extractiva  aReserva extrativista  aSilvicultura sustentable1 aKAINER, K. A.1 aSTAUDHAMMER, C. L.1 aSERRANO, R. O. P.  tBiological Conservation, Amsterdamgv. 141, n. 1, p. 332-346, Jan. 2008.