03723naa a2200301 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400760007410000170015024501360016726000090030352027920031265000120310465000270311665000290314365000240317265000190319665000140321565000120322965000140324165000210325565000250327665300260330165300170332765300240334477300530336821831512026-01-21       2026    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a0167-19877 ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2025.106996 Get rights and content2DOI1 aSILVA, S. R.  aCrop rotation systemsbLong-term effects on liming effectiveness, soil chemical properties, and wheat yield.h[electronic resource]  c2026  aCrop rotation systems (CRS) with species diversification enhance agricultural sustainability and mitigate the environmental impacts of intensive cropping. This study evaluated the long-term effects of CRS combined with liming on soil chemical properties and wheat grain yield, using undisturbed native forest soil as a baseline for assessing the impacts of forest-to-agriculture conversion. Data were obtained from a long-term experiment established in 1986 in Passo Fundo, Brazil, with analyses focussed on 2008−2016 to evaluate the effects of liming applied in 2008. The experiment employed a split-plot design with four soil management systems—no-tillage, reduced tillage with chisel ploughing, disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing, and mouldboard ploughing followed by disc harrowing—as main plots, and three CRS as sub-plots: (I) soybean–wheat succession; (II) soybean–sorghum in summer and wheat–vetch in winter; and (III) two soybean summers followed by sorghum, with wheat–vetch–oat in winter. Soil was sampled at 0–5, 5–10, 10–15, and 15–20 cm layers and analysed for pH, exchangeable aluminium (Al3+), soil organic carbon (SOC), and exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+), with comparisons among CRS and against forest soil. Wheat yield adaptability and stability were assessed using linear regressions against the environmental mean, where deviation variance (r2) indicated stability and the slope coefficient (βi) reflected adaptability. Relative to forest soil, CRS produced broadly comparable long-term effects on soil chemistry. Across layers, pH increased by 11.2 %, Ca²+ rose markedly in deeper layers, and Mg²+ increased by 62.4 %. Conversely, Al³+ decreased by 48.3 % and SOC by 17.3 % (except in the deepest layer). Following liming in 2008, responses were similar among CRS. Soil pH rose by 8.8 % from 2008 to 2012 but returned to near-initial values by 2016. Over 2008–2016, Al³+ decreased by 43.4 % and SOC by 10.2 % (excluding the topsoil), whereas Ca²+ increased by 41.1 %. Mg²+ more than doubled by 2012 before declining by 22.9 % in upper layers by 2016. Wheat yield increased progressively with greater crop diversification. CRS-III exhibited the greatest yield adaptability (βi = 1.07) and stability (r2 = 0.921), achieving the highest mean grain yield (3538 kg ha−1), followed by CRS-II (βi = 1.02; r2 = 0.899; 2954 kg ha−1) and CRS-I (βi = 0.91; r2 = 0.757; 2310 kg ha−1). Increased crop diversification improved wheat yield under variable weather conditions but did not substantially alter Ca2+ and Mg2+ cycling, pH, Al3+ availability, or SOC content. Overall, CRS exert similar long-term effects on soil chemistry after conversion from native forest to agriculture.  aCalcium  aExchangeable magnesium  aSoil chemical properties  aSoil organic carbon  aAcidez do Solo  aAlumínio  aCálcio  aMagnésio  aQuímica do Solo  aRotação de Cultura  aCrop rotation systems  aSoil acidity  aTriticum aestivum L  tSoil and Tillage Researchgv. 257, 106996, 2026.