03181naa a2200505 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902400570006010000160011724501390013326000090027252017820028165000160206365000230207965000130210265000240211565000160213965000090215565300100216465300310217465300200220565300330222565300140225865300310227270000150230370000170231870000170233570000210235270000190237370000180239270000160241070000160242670000130244270000170245570000140247270000190248670000130250570000160251870000140253470000140254870000150256270000130257770000170259077300680260721806552026-01-19       2026    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d7 ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.1108822DOI1 aKOTHARI, K.  aInter-comparison of soybean models for simulation of evapotranspiration under rainfed and irrigated conditions.h[electronic resource]  c2026  aAccurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is crucial for agricultural water management and crop yield prediction. Crop models are frequently used to simulate ET; however, model testing against detailed ET data remains scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate nine soybean models that incorporated various approaches to estimate ET (n = 19 methods) using high resolution, multi-season eddy flux measurements from rainfed and irrigated soybean at Mead, Nebraska. Field measurements of crop growth, leaf area index (LAI), soil water content, and ET were provided to the modelers sequentially as follows: 1) phenology data for a Blind calibration; 2) irrigated crop growth; 3) irrigated daily ET and soil water; 4) rainfed ET and soil water; and 5) rainfed crop growth. Among models and ET methods, daily ET was simulated with normalized root mean square errors (nRMSE) ranging from 21.5 to 72.8 % after Full calibration, and root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.7–2.4 mm d−1. The ensemble median across models (E-Median) reduced error in the simulation of daily ET and ranked highly across calibration steps and developmental phases. Furthermore, the E-Median showed reasonable performance under Blind calibration, with a RMSE of 0.90 mm d−1 (nRMSE= 27.7 %) for daily ET and 70.4 mm (16.7 %) for seasonal ET, indicating it can be a valuable approach for model-based ET estimation when data is scarce. This study revealed the major sources of uncertainty in simulating ET and identified opportunities for improving associated model processes, including 1) residue effects on soil evaporation during incomplete canopy cover, 2) potential ET of soybean, particularly during full canopy, and 3) leaf senescence effects on LAI during the late reproductive phase.  aCrop models  aEvapotranspiration  aSoybeans  aEvapotranspiração  aSimulação  aSoja  aAgMIP  aCrop model intercomparison  aCROPGRO-Soybean  aEddy covariance measurements  aModelagem  aSoybean evapotranspiration1 aSUYKER, A.1 aBATTISTI, R.1 aBOOTE, K. J.1 aARCHONTOULIS, S.1 aCONSTANTIN, J.1 aCUADRA, S. V.1 aDEBAEKE, P.1 aELLI, E. F.1 aFAYE, B.1 aFLEISHER, D.1 aGRANT, B.1 aHOOGENBOOM, G.1 aJING, Q.1 aKIMBALL, B.1 aLEUNG, F.1 aMARIN, F.1 aNENDEL, C.1 aQIAN, B.1 aSCHOVING, C.  tAgricultural and Forest Meteorologygv. 376, 110882, Jan. 2026.