02605naa a2200265 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400520007410000260012624501270015226000090027952017830028865000170207165000110208865000180209965000200211765300160213770000290215370000210218270000200220370000230222370000170224677300760226321766142025-06-13       2025    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a0718-95167 ahttps://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-025-02238-w2DOI1 aOLIVEIRA, W. P. M. de  aUnraveling deep soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in coffee agroforestry with stable isotope methods.h[electronic resource]  c2025  aCoffee agroforestry systems (AFS) have been shown to enhance soil, which results in a positive impact on above and belowground organic inputs. However, the specific temporal impact of coffee AFS to soil carbon and nitrogen pools remains uncertain. Thus, we aim to answer the following questions: how do soil total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks respond to different coffee cultivation systems? And to what extent can a coffee AFS contribute to replacing the TC?. We evaluated three coffee cultivation systems (agroforestry system with grevillea – AFS; consortium with banana – CBC; and coffee monoculture – CM). We used two reference systems in order to compare these systems: a native forest (NF) and a pasture (PA). Soil samples were collected at six different depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, 60–80, 80–100 cm). The samples were then analyzed using an elemental analyzer to determine total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) levels. An isotope ratio mass spectrometer was used to further assess soil composition by measuring the natural abundance of δ13C and δ15N. The two mixed coffee systems had similar TC stocks in the topsoil to those of NF and PA, while CM had the lowest stock. However, only CBC maintained a similar TC stock to NF and PA at 100 cm depth (on average 140.5 Mg ha− 1). TN stocks followed a similar pattern to TC. It was found that over 70% of soil carbon under AFS and PA was derived from C3 plants. In the upper soil layer, AFS and CBC maintain TC and TN stocks in relation to NF. However, when considering the total stock at 100 cm depth, only CBC (compared to AFS) is able to maintain similar levels to NF. Despite this, AFS has great capacity to replace soil organic carbon, replacing more than 50% of C4 in PA  aAgroforestry  aCarbon  aSoil analysis  aStable isotopes  aSoil carbon1 aBARRETO-GARCIA, P. A. B.1 aMONROE, P. H. M.1 aALVES, B. J. R.1 aOLIVEIRA, A. M. de1 aNUNES, M. R.  tJournal of Soil Science and Plant Nutritiongv. 25, p. 1799-1812, 2025.