03094naa a2200265 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902000180006002400600007810000190013824500840015726000090024130000200025050000150027052023190028565300200260465300120262470000210263670000200265770000230267770000200270070000160272070000180273677300740275421759632025-05-26       2025    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a97804431568547 ahttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15684-7.00036-12DOI1 aPEREIRA, T. S.  aElectronic tonguesbbasics, materials, and applications.h[electronic resource]  c2025  a451-465cE-book  aChapter 31  aIntroduction and historical background of e-tongues The current lifestyle pattern combined with technological advances has required the development of sensors and devices capable of providing rapid diagnosis related to health conditions and the quality of food, water, and air (Gaigbe-Togbe et al., 2022; Ruppert et al., 2018) with high sensitivity and low detection limits. In this regard, electronic tongues (e-tongues) are considered a promising tool for a sustainable, simple, and accurate analysis of complex samples (Shimizu et al., 2021). E-tongues are analytical devices formed by an array of nonselective chemical sensors that can collect different responses by analyzing complex liquid samples (Vlasov & Legin, 1998). Therefore, an e-tongue is a suitable device to perform pattern recognition, and to evaluate liquids of varied compositions in terms of qualitative and quantitative aspects, in which the obtained data can be processed with several methods (Vlasov & Legin, 1998). A timeline outlining the major milestones towards the development of e-tongues is depicted in Fig. 31.1. The first electronic device designed for the discrimination of complex mixtures (a wide range of aromas) was reported in 1982 by Persaud and Dodd (Persaud & Dodd, 1982). The authors called this device an electronic nose, which was based on semiconductor transducers and incorporated design features and pattern recognition techniques. Based on this work, the scientific community began looking for alternatives to evaluate liquid samples (in addition to gas samples). In this way, in 1985, Otto and Thomas proposed a sensor array to analyze several liquid samples (Otto & Thomas, 1985) based on the simultaneous analysis of similar metal ion concentrations at intracellular, urinary, or serum levels. Finally, the e-tongue concept appeared in the 1990s when a sensor array was used to discriminate basic tastes and consisted of membrane-based transducers responsible for measuring the electrical potential (Hayashi et al., 1990; Hayashi et al., 1995; Imamura et al., 1996; Toko et al., 1995). Over the next few decades, contributions from numerous research groups around the world enabled significant progress in the field, leading to some e-tongues being available globally as analytical devices (Aouadi et al., 2020).  aRapid diagnosis  aSensors1 aFACURE, M. H. M.1 aMERCANTE, L. A.1 aSOUZA, M. H. G. de1 aBRAUNGER, M. L.1 aRIUL JR, A.1 aCORREA, D. S.  tIn: HOUSSAM HAICK (Ed.). Nature-Inspired Sensors, 1 st Edition, 2025.