02628naa a2200301 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400520007410000170012624501890014326000090033250000180034152016460035965000130200565000280201865000180204665000210206465000250208565000280211065000200213865000160215865000140217465000220218865300320221065300230224277300610226521732692025-02-24       2025    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a1975-94797 ahttps://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-025-00278-32DOI1 aSILVA, S. R.  aTriticale–wheat comparative nitrogen use efficiency and industrial quality of grains and flourbeffects of nitrogen fertilization and environmental conditions.h[electronic resource]  c2025  aFirst online.  aTriticale, a hybrid cereal, shows promise due to its nutritional value and environmental adaptability, though it faces limitations in flour quality that can be improved by suitable nutrient management. This study investigated the impact of nitrogen (N) fertilization and environmental conditions on triticale, aiming to align its traits with wheat. The experiment, conducted in southern Brazil, employed a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising four environments (Lrain, Lirriga, Crain, and PGrain), two genotypes (wheat and triticale), and two N rates (40 and 120 kg ha− 1). Water deficit significantly reduced grain yield and the density of productive spikes in wheat compared to triticale, which exhibited superior N uptake efficiency (NUpE). Increasing N rate enhanced the density of productive spikes (for wheat in Lrain), plant lodging, grain yield (for triticale in PGrain), N content and N accumulation in the shoot dry matter, dough tenacity (for wheat in Lrain and triticale in Lirriga), gluten strength (in Lrain), and grain protein content (except in Crain); whereas it decreased N utilisation efficiency (NUtE). In conclusion, triticale outperformed wheat in grain yield and N use efficiency, while wheat excelled in traits related to the industrial quality of grains and flour. Compared to wheat, triticale exhibited greater drought toler- ance and more consistent NUtE, falling number, and gluten strength. Despite these advantages, N fertilization failed to significantly improve the industrial quality of triticale grains and flour, except for grain protein content, leaving its quality traits below those of wheat.  aNitrogen  aNutrient use efficiency  aTriticosecale  aWater management  aWater use efficiency  aEficiência Nutricional  aManejo de Água  aNitrogênio  aTriticale  aTriticum Aestivum  aCondições meteorológicas  aWeather conditions  tJournal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 21 Feb. 2025.