02452naa a2200265 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400520007410000260012624501400015226000090029252016630030165000170196465000130198165000140199465000120200865000140202065000250203465000170205965000230207665300170209965300170211677300530213321653672024-12-11       2024    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a0167-43667 ahttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-024-01032-42DOI1 aPORFIRIO-DA-SILVA, V.  aSilvopastoral system for wood productionbopportunities and challenges in tropical and subtropical environments.h[electronic resource]  c2024  aTropical and subtropical regions have the largest potential area and climatic conditions for sus-tainably hosting silvopastoral systems focused on the production of wood and livestock in at least two “pro-duction modes”. These regions concentrate extensive areas with pastures, in which there is a great oppor-tunity to match forestry production to the profile of regional production rather than competing for land use. This can be beneficial for both productive sec-tors since certification standards for both forestry and livestock encompass a wide range of economic, social, environmental, and technical management aspects, including people’s well-being and liveli-hoods. It could converge objectives for both busi-nesses toward a central element and disruptive of an innovative bio-based economy. The “wood model” focuses on producing a greater volume of wood bio-mass. It requires a high tree-stocking rate (33–47%) into pastures. The “cattle model” integrates more pas-ture production with fewer trees (&lt 33% tree-stocking rate). This model requires larger spaces between trees to allow for thicker logs (sawn wood). Both models protect herds and forage. In the “wood model”, nega-tive interactions occur with still young trees. Spacing between strips generates alleys; alleys need to have a width between 3.5 and 5 times the tree canopy depth. Wide alleys facilitate herding; cattle perceive alleys as open spaces without being spooked by the cowboy approximation. Parallel strips facilitate silvicultural and harvest tree operations, animal herding, uniform-ity of tree density, minimization of runoff surface, and soil erosion.  aAgroforestry  aForestry  aLivestock  aMadeira  aPecuária  aProdução Florestal  aSilvicultura  aSistema de Cultivo  aAgrofloresta  aCattle model  tAgroforestry Systemsgv. 98, p. 2325-2335, 2024.