02599naa a2200337 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902000220006002400510008210000200013324500670015326000090022030000150022949000470024452015180029165000170180965000280182665000320185465000150188665000200190165000160192165000160193765000140195365000200196765000270198765000130201465300260202765300240205370000200207777301640209721274532020-12-02       2020    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a978-3-030-53183-67 ahttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53183-62DOI1 aPINHEIRO, P. V.  aGMOs - impact on non-target arthropods.h[electronic resource]  c2020  ap. 87-127.  a(Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation).  aGenetically modified (GM) plants have been adopted at unprecedented levels since they were first commercialized in 1996. At that time, two main objec-tives were set by the industry: tolerance to herbicides and resistance to insect pests. While there was no promise of productivity increase, GM crops certainly reduce crop losses by reducing weed and pest populations that otherwise compete with nutrients and the overall crop ability to yield at its genetic potential. At which cost for the environment? This review focuses on non-target herbivores, pollinators, natural enemies, and detritivores. A huge body of literature reporting laboratory and field studies have been published. Although the majority of these reports show neu-tral or ?negligible? effects of GM crops or insecticidal proteins on non-target arthro-pods, some reported negative effects, while a few others reported positive effects. The massive adoption of insect-resistant GM crops is accepted in cases where no other pest control method is available or else the GM crop impact on the environ-ment will be lower than that of pesticides. However, most of the studies published to date did not compare pesticides to GM crops, in terms of potential negative impacts. There are still many unanswered questions on how GM crops might inter-fere with multi-trophic interactions. Even so, it is certain that we currently know better the potential effects of GM crops on non-target arthropods than those of any other crop technology developed to date.  aDetritivores  aEnvironmental economics  aGenetically modified plants  aHerbivores  aNatural enemies  aParasitoids  aPollinators  aPredators  aInimigo Natural  aOrganismo Transgênico  aPredador  aNon-target herbivores  aUndesirable effects1 aFARIA, J. C. de  tIn: CHAURASIA, A.; HAWKSWORTH, D. L.; MIRANDA, M. P. de (Ed.). GMOs: implications for biodiversity conservation and ecological processes. Cham: Springer, 2020.