02388naa a2200373 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902400270006010000230008724501540011026000090026452012950027365000260156865000140159465000250160865000160163365000160164965000130166565000100167865000140168865000170170265300180171965300120173765300190174965300470176865300190181570000290183470000170186370000160188070000150189670000190191170000180193077300660194820657972017-03-02       2016    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d7 a10.1111/eva.123872DOI1 aMEROTTO JUNIOR, A.  aEvolutionary and social consequences of introgression of nontransgenic herbicide resistance from rice to weedy rice in Brazil.h[electronic resource]  c2016  aSeveral studies have expressed concerns about the effects of gene flow from transgenic herbicide-resistant crops to their wild relatives, but no major problems have been observed. This review describes a case study in which what has been feared in transgenics regarding gene flow has actually changed biodiversity and people?s lives. Nontransgenic imidazolinone-resistant rice (IMI-rice) cultivars increased the rice grain yield by 50% in southern Brazil. This increase was beneficial for life quality of the farmers and also improved the regional economy. However, weedy rice resistant to imidazolinone herbicides started to evolve three years after the first use of IMI-rice cultivars. Population genetic studies indicate that the herbicide-resistant weedy rice was mainly originated from gene flow from resistant cultivars and distributed by seed migration. The problems related with herbicide-resistant weedy rice increased the production costs of rice that forced farmers to sell or rent their land. Gene flow from cultivated rice to weedy rice has proven to be a large agricultural, economic, and social constraint in the use of herbicide-resistant technologies in rice. This problem must be taken into account for the development of new transgenic or nontransgenic rice technologies.  aAcetolactate synthase  aGene flow  aHerbicide resistance  aImazethapyr  aOutcrossing  aRed rice  aArroz  aHerbicida  aOryza sativa  aClearfield TM  aFitness  aFluxo de genes  aNontransgenic imidazolinone-resistant rice  aPlanta daninha1 aGOULART, I. C. G. dos R.1 aNUNES, A. L.1 aKALSING, A.1 aMARKUS, C.1 aMENEZES, V. G.1 aWANDER, A. E.  tEvolutionary Applicationsgv. 9, n. 7, p. 837-846, Aug. 2016.