03972naa a2200553 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902400420006010000160010224501050011826000090022352023500023265000270258265000190260965000180262865000250264665000180267165000230268965000160271265000330272865000330276165000120279465000200280665000220282665000150284865000200286365000150288365000260289865300230292465300270294765300340297465300170300865300140302565300130303965300180305265300160307065300280308665300240311465300230313865300100316165300220317165300340319370000220322770000230324970000200327270000170329270000230330977300860333220589722021-07-02       2016    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d7 a10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n6p39032DOI1 aFAZOLIN, M.  aCombining the essential oil of Piper aduncum L. with commercial insecticides.h[electronic resource]  c2016  aThe use of synergists is important in minimizing the amount of chemical insecticide required for insect control. Their use can contribute to reducing environmental contamination and preserving beneficial insects. To further investigate a promising alternative to the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), we compared the synergistic effects of PBO and Piper aduncum L. essential oil (PAEO) when combined with several insecticides (cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, permethrin, and esfenvalerate) on the larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797). Initially, we determined the lethal doses and concentrations (LD50 and LC50) for S. frugiperda larvae subjected to separate treatments with PAEO and with each commercial insecticide. Subsequently, in order to evaluate the synergistic effect, combinations of sublethal doses or sublethal concentrations of the essential oil (½ and ¼ of the LD50 or LC50, respectively) were prepared with sublethal doses or sublethal concentrations of the insecticides (below the LD40 or LC40). To confirm the evidence of the synergistic efficacy of the PAEO, the same reduced concentrations and doses of the insecticides that were previously used in combinations with the oil were also combined with PBO at a ratio of 10:1 (PBO:Insecticide). Through the relationship between the CL50 and DL50 of the insecticides taken separately and in their synergistic combinations with the PAEO and PBO, synergism factors (SF) were calculated for the various combinations. With residual contact, there was a significant enhancement of the commercial insecticides formulated with cypermethrin (SF = 73.03), zeta-cypermethrin (SF = 16.51), and permethrin (SF = 8.46-17.22) when combined with the PAEO; by contrast, with topical application there was a significant enhancement only for zeta-cypermethrin (SF = 0.40-4.26), permethrin (SF = 2.10-4.79), and esfenvalerate (SF = 3.80) when combined with the essential oil. With the exception of esfenvalerate, the other synergistic combinations showed homogeneous responses for topical application and residual contact for at least one synergistic combination with PAEO. The significance of the SF values from combining PAEO with cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, permethrin, and esfenvalerate insecticides may indicate that this essential oil is an effective alternative to PBO.  aBotanical insecticides  aEssential oils  aInsect larvae  aPesticide synergists  aPiper aduncum  aPiperonyl butoxide  aPlant pests  aInseticida de origem vegetal  aInseticida organo-sintético  aLagarta  aÓleo essencial  aPimenta de macaco  aPiperaceae  aPraga de planta  aSinergismo  aSpodoptera frugiperda  aAceites esenciales  aButóxido de piperonil  aButóxido de piperonila (PBO)  aCaterpillars  aDilapidol  aDilapiol  aHomogeneidade  aHomogeneity  aInsecticidas botánicos  aLagarta do cartucho  aLarvas de insectos  aOruga  aPlagas de plantas  aSinergismo de los plaguicidas1 aESTRELA, J. V. E.1 aMONTEIRO, A. F. M.1 aSILVA, I. M. da1 aGOMES, L. P.1 aSILVA, M. S. de F.  tSemina. Ciências Agrárias, Londrinagv. 37, n. 6, p. 3903-3914, nov./dez. 2016.