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Registro Completo |
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Biblioteca(s): |
Embrapa Florestas. |
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Data corrente: |
06/11/1993 |
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Data da última atualização: |
28/07/2025 |
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Autoria: |
DEBACH, P.; FLESCHNER, C. A.; DIETRICK, E. J. |
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Título: |
A biological check method for evaluating the effectiveness of entomophagous insect. |
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Ano de publicação: |
1951 |
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Fonte/Imprenta: |
Journal of Economic Entomology, v. 44, n. 5, p. 763-766, 1951. |
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Idioma: |
Inglês |
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Conteúdo: |
Since the methods previously described for estimating the effectiveness of parasites and predators in controlling pests of Citrus in California [cf. R.A.E., A 3S 253, etc.] have certain disadvantages, a new method is described. It is based on the use of ants that feed on honeydew to suppress the natural enemies [cf. 3S 127] and involves comparison of ant-free and ant-infested trees; the degree of accuracy depends on the intensity of ant activity. Recent studies have shown that Iridomyrmex humilis[Linepithema humile] (Mayr) can be used to measure the effectiveness of natural enemies of Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citrina (Coq.) and Paratetrancychus citri (McG.), and there seems no reason why the method should not be applied to other Diaspine scales and mites and to virtually all Homopterous honeydew-producing insects. I. humilis is the most abundant and widely distributed ant on Citrus in California, but Formica cinerea neo-cinérea Wheeler would be an excellent indicator in certain areas, and local species of ants could probably be used in many places. Adequate food must be available for them, and if necessary this should be provided by artificial colonization of honeydew-producing insects or by smearing honey on the leaves. In a lemon grove heavily infested by A. aurantii, scale populations were about seven times as great throughout the season on trees frequented by I. humilis as on trees free from ants and 150 times as great at the peak of seasonal scale increase, indicating the efficiency of the natural enemies of the scale. The percentage parasitism by Aphytis spp. was 35.3 in the presence of the ants and 49.7 in their absence, and though the total numbers of predators (Lindorus lophanthae[Rhyzobius lophanthae] (Blaisd.) and Chilocorus sp.) were reduced on the ant-infested trees, L. lophanthae was more abundant on them than on the ant-free trees, probably because the ants have less effect on it than on the other species and it consequently met with less competition and an increased food-supply. The ants ware feeding principally on honeydew secreted by Pseudococcus citri[Planococcus citri] (Risso) and Coccus hesperidum L., and the numbers of colonies of these on ant-infested and ant-free trees were 52 and 2 for P. citri and 16 and 0 for C. hesperidum. In another lemon grove, ants interfered with predators of Paratetranychus citri[Panonychus citri] to such an extent that at the peak of infestation, about ten times as many mites were present on ant-infested as on ant-free trees. MenosSince the methods previously described for estimating the effectiveness of parasites and predators in controlling pests of Citrus in California [cf. R.A.E., A 3S 253, etc.] have certain disadvantages, a new method is described. It is based on the use of ants that feed on honeydew to suppress the natural enemies [cf. 3S 127] and involves comparison of ant-free and ant-infested trees; the degree of accuracy depends on the intensity of ant activity. Recent studies have shown that Iridomyrmex humilis[Linepithema humile] (Mayr) can be used to measure the effectiveness of natural enemies of Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.), A. citrina (Coq.) and Paratetrancychus citri (McG.), and there seems no reason why the method should not be applied to other Diaspine scales and mites and to virtually all Homopterous honeydew-producing insects. I. humilis is the most abundant and widely distributed ant on Citrus in California, but Formica cinerea neo-cinérea Wheeler would be an excellent indicator in certain areas, and local species of ants could probably be used in many places. Adequate food must be available for them, and if necessary this should be provided by artificial colonization of honeydew-producing insects or by smearing honey on the leaves. In a lemon grove heavily infested by A. aurantii, scale populations were about seven times as great throughout the season on trees frequented by I. humilis as on trees free from ants and 150 times as great at the peak of seasonal scale increase, indic... Mostrar Tudo |
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Palavras-Chave: |
Inseto entomofago. |
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Thesagro: |
Inseto Para Controle Biológico. |
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Categoria do assunto: |
O Insetos e Entomologia |
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Marc: |
null
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Registro original: |
Embrapa Florestas (CNPF) |
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