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 | Acesso ao texto completo restrito à biblioteca da Embrapa Florestas. Para informações adicionais entre em contato com cnpf.biblioteca@embrapa.br. |
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Registro Completo |
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Biblioteca(s): |
Embrapa Florestas. |
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Data corrente: |
29/03/2017 |
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Data da última atualização: |
28/12/2017 |
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Tipo da produção científica: |
Artigo em Periódico Indexado |
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Autoria: |
PONTES, L. da S.; CARPINELLI, S.; STAFIN, G.; PORFIRIO-DA-SILVA, V.; SANTOS, B. R. C. dos. |
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Afiliação: |
Laíse da S. Pontes, IAPAR; Sandoval Carpinelli, IAPAR; Giliardi Stafin, IAPAR; VANDERLEY PORFIRIO DA SILVA, CNPF; Betina R. C. dos Santos, IAPAR. |
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Título: |
Relationship between sward height and herbage mass for integrated crop-livestock systems with trees. |
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Ano de publicação: |
2017 |
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Fonte/Imprenta: |
Grassland Science, v. 63, n. 1, p. 29-35, Jan. 2017. |
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DOI: |
10.1111/grs.12147 |
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Idioma: |
Inglês |
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Conteúdo: |
Sward height (SH) is an important management variable for both continuous and intermittent stocking, since it is easily measured and highly correlated to herbage mass (HM). However, in systems with trees, tree shading can alter the relationship between SH and HM by changes in the sward structure. Understanding these relationships under shading could help identify and design management practices for swards in association with trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the SH and HM relationship for a continuously stocked mixed black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) + annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture in two systems, i.e. with and without trees, with two levels of nitrogen (N) (90 vs. 180 kg N ha−1), three replicates and over 2 years (2014/2015). Comparison of regression lines was performed between SH (x-variable) and HM (y-variable), showing mainly a system effect. Shading altered the relationship between SH and HM in order of magnitude (i.e. different intercepts), but not in the rate of change (i.e. equal slopes). Regardless the SH, oat + ryegrass mixture under trees produced 698 kg of dry matter (DM) ha−1 less than those without trees. Therefore, a target SH used at full sun systems as an index for management (e.g. 20 cm) might not apply under trees with >50% shade, since HM may be limiting to ensure intake of grazing animals (e.g. <1200 kg DM ha−1). The shade level must be controlled to optimize the yield of these forage species and to maintain the necessary HM to ensure the sustainability of no-till silvopastoral systems. MenosSward height (SH) is an important management variable for both continuous and intermittent stocking, since it is easily measured and highly correlated to herbage mass (HM). However, in systems with trees, tree shading can alter the relationship between SH and HM by changes in the sward structure. Understanding these relationships under shading could help identify and design management practices for swards in association with trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the SH and HM relationship for a continuously stocked mixed black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) + annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture in two systems, i.e. with and without trees, with two levels of nitrogen (N) (90 vs. 180 kg N ha−1), three replicates and over 2 years (2014/2015). Comparison of regression lines was performed between SH (x-variable) and HM (y-variable), showing mainly a system effect. Shading altered the relationship between SH and HM in order of magnitude (i.e. different intercepts), but not in the rate of change (i.e. equal slopes). Regardless the SH, oat + ryegrass mixture under trees produced 698 kg of dry matter (DM) ha−1 less than those without trees. Therefore, a target SH used at full sun systems as an index for management (e.g. 20 cm) might not apply under trees with >50% shade, since HM may be limiting to ensure intake of grazing animals (e.g. <1200 kg DM ha−1). The shade level must be controlled to optimize the yield of these forage species and to ma... Mostrar Tudo |
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Palavras-Chave: |
Black oat; Eucalyptus dunnii; Sistema silvipastoril; Sombramento. |
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Thesagro: |
Eucalipto. |
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Thesaurus Nal: |
Lolium; Shade agroforestry systems; Silvopastoral systems. |
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Categoria do assunto: |
K Ciência Florestal e Produtos de Origem Vegetal |
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Marc: |
LEADER 02419naa a2200277 a 4500
001 2067805
005 2017-12-28
008 2017 bl uuuu u00u1 u #d
024 7 $a10.1111/grs.12147$2DOI
100 1 $aPONTES, L. da S.
245 $aRelationship between sward height and herbage mass for integrated crop-livestock systems with trees.$h[electronic resource]
260 $c2017
520 $aSward height (SH) is an important management variable for both continuous and intermittent stocking, since it is easily measured and highly correlated to herbage mass (HM). However, in systems with trees, tree shading can alter the relationship between SH and HM by changes in the sward structure. Understanding these relationships under shading could help identify and design management practices for swards in association with trees. The aim of this study was to investigate the SH and HM relationship for a continuously stocked mixed black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) + annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture in two systems, i.e. with and without trees, with two levels of nitrogen (N) (90 vs. 180 kg N ha−1), three replicates and over 2 years (2014/2015). Comparison of regression lines was performed between SH (x-variable) and HM (y-variable), showing mainly a system effect. Shading altered the relationship between SH and HM in order of magnitude (i.e. different intercepts), but not in the rate of change (i.e. equal slopes). Regardless the SH, oat + ryegrass mixture under trees produced 698 kg of dry matter (DM) ha−1 less than those without trees. Therefore, a target SH used at full sun systems as an index for management (e.g. 20 cm) might not apply under trees with >50% shade, since HM may be limiting to ensure intake of grazing animals (e.g. <1200 kg DM ha−1). The shade level must be controlled to optimize the yield of these forage species and to maintain the necessary HM to ensure the sustainability of no-till silvopastoral systems.
650 $aLolium
650 $aShade agroforestry systems
650 $aSilvopastoral systems
650 $aEucalipto
653 $aBlack oat
653 $aEucalyptus dunnii
653 $aSistema silvipastoril
653 $aSombramento
700 1 $aCARPINELLI, S.
700 1 $aSTAFIN, G.
700 1 $aPORFIRIO-DA-SILVA, V.
700 1 $aSANTOS, B. R. C. dos
773 $tGrassland Science$gv. 63, n. 1, p. 29-35, Jan. 2017.
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Embrapa Florestas (CNPF) |
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Registro Completo
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Biblioteca(s): |
Embrapa Soja. |
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Data corrente: |
17/10/2006 |
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Data da última atualização: |
19/03/2008 |
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Autoria: |
ZOTARELLI, L.; TORRES, E.; BODDEY, R.; URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B. J. R. |
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Título: |
Influence of no tillage and conventional tillage and crop rotation on soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation and soil aggregation in a rhodic ferralsol. |
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Ano de publicação: |
2006 |
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Fonte/Imprenta: |
In: WORLD CONGRESS OF SOIL SCIENCE, 18., 2006, Philadelphia. Abstracts... Madison: ASA-CSSA-SSSA, 2006. |
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Descrição Física: |
1 CD-ROM. |
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Idioma: |
Inglês |
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Conteúdo: |
The use of conservation tillage with crop rotation can contribute to increase soil organic matter (SOM) and improve aggregate stability. The aim of this study was to quantify the soil C and N accumulation and the stability of soil aggregates influenced by different crop rotations with and without leguminous green-manures under No Tillage (NT) and Conventional Tillage (CT). The field experiment was carried out between 1997 and 2003 at Londrina, PR, with three crop rotations: R1 - lupin(L)/maize(M) - oat(O)/soybean(S) - wheat(W)/soybean(S); R2 - W/S - L/M - L/M - W/S (high frequency of lupin as green manure) and R3 - O/M - W/M - O/M - W/M (dominance of gramineae). All cereals were fertilized with N except in the case of maize after lupin. The biomass and total N accumulation of the crops along with N2 fixation and N fertiliser inputs to the system were monitored. Soil samples from different depths up to 80 cm deep were taken to measure soil C and N accumulation. Soil samples taken in 2001 and 2003 were separated into aggregate size classes (53-250; 250-2000 and >2000 µm) by wet sieving. The Light Fraction (LF) and intra-aggregate particulate organic matter were isolated. Crop yields and amounts of residues were not influenced by soil tillage. However, maize planted under NT in R3 had a lower yield, probably due to soil N deficiency provoked by high C/N ratio residues from the prior graminaceous crops. When lupin was included in the rotation before maize, maize yield was still high without N-fertilizer. For wheat, the rotation with soybean also promoted an improvement in crop yield. The amount of C in residues deposited on the soil was 36; 45 and 41 Mg ha-1 for R1, R2, R3, respectively. The system N balance was directly related to the presence of the winter legume. In R3 where there was no N2 fixation contribution, the N balance was -118 kg N ha-1 but for R2 and R1 the N balance was positive at approximately 40 kg N ha-1 which illustrates the importance of the legume for soil N accumulation. In general, NT improved C and N concentration at 0-5 and 5-20 cm soil depth. Soil C stock was significantly higher under NT at 0-5 cm depth for all crop rotations in 2003, six years after NT adoption. When C stocks were calculated for the 0-80 cm soil layer using the correction for equal soil mass, there were no significant differences between NT and CT, except when the comparison was within R1. In R1, NT accumulated 6.8 Mg ha-1 more C than the soil under CT. Under NT the accumulation of C in the 0-80 cm depth interval was greater under R1 than in other rotations by approximately 10.5 Mg ha-1. The higher accumulation of C under R1 associated with NT was due to the greater equilibrium between inputs and outputs of N when the gramineae and legume crops were alternated in the same area. However, the high occurrence of leguminous green manure in R2 seems to hinder C accumulation in soil probably due to a high occurrence of more labile residues. In the case of R3, the lack of a positive N balance would explain the lack of C accumulation in soil. The study of soil aggregates revealed NT had a greater mean weight diameter than the soil under CT due to a larger proportion of macroaggregates (>2000 µm). The results of the soil organic matter fractionation showed that there were enhanced C concentrations in larger aggregate size classes. There were no differences in mineral-associated C under the different soil preparation systems or crop rotations, which was also observed in relation to Fe and Al concentrations of the soil. There was enhanced C concentration in LF in larger aggregate size classes, being greatest at 5-20 cm soil depth under CT. Within macroaggregates (250-2000 µm), around 75% of their mass was constituted by microaggregates under CT and NT, and the C concentration of these microaggregates was 3 times greater than C concentration found in free microaggregates under NT, but no differences on C concentration were found under CT. Thus, the results confirm the theory that fresh residues act as a nuclei for macroaggregate formation and subsequently microaggregates. From the predominance of macroaggregates over microaggregates we can conclude that under NT the aggregation process was more active than under CT, which would ensure soil C stability. Also, variations in soil aggregation between 2001 and 2003 showed that crop rotation plays an important role on soil aggregation, and the data suggested that legumes would reduce macroaggregate formation. MenosThe use of conservation tillage with crop rotation can contribute to increase soil organic matter (SOM) and improve aggregate stability. The aim of this study was to quantify the soil C and N accumulation and the stability of soil aggregates influenced by different crop rotations with and without leguminous green-manures under No Tillage (NT) and Conventional Tillage (CT). The field experiment was carried out between 1997 and 2003 at Londrina, PR, with three crop rotations: R1 - lupin(L)/maize(M) - oat(O)/soybean(S) - wheat(W)/soybean(S); R2 - W/S - L/M - L/M - W/S (high frequency of lupin as green manure) and R3 - O/M - W/M - O/M - W/M (dominance of gramineae). All cereals were fertilized with N except in the case of maize after lupin. The biomass and total N accumulation of the crops along with N2 fixation and N fertiliser inputs to the system were monitored. Soil samples from different depths up to 80 cm deep were taken to measure soil C and N accumulation. Soil samples taken in 2001 and 2003 were separated into aggregate size classes (53-250; 250-2000 and >2000 µm) by wet sieving. The Light Fraction (LF) and intra-aggregate particulate organic matter were isolated. Crop yields and amounts of residues were not influenced by soil tillage. However, maize planted under NT in R3 had a lower yield, probably due to soil N deficiency provoked by high C/N ratio residues from the prior graminaceous crops. When lupin was included in the rotation before maize, maize yield was still ... Mostrar Tudo |
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Categoria do assunto: |
-- |
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Marc: |
LEADER 05141naa a2200181 a 4500
001 1469655
005 2008-03-19
008 2006 bl uuuu u00u1 u #d
100 1 $aZOTARELLI, L.
245 $aInfluence of no tillage and conventional tillage and crop rotation on soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation and soil aggregation in a rhodic ferralsol.
260 $c2006
300 $c1 CD-ROM.
520 $aThe use of conservation tillage with crop rotation can contribute to increase soil organic matter (SOM) and improve aggregate stability. The aim of this study was to quantify the soil C and N accumulation and the stability of soil aggregates influenced by different crop rotations with and without leguminous green-manures under No Tillage (NT) and Conventional Tillage (CT). The field experiment was carried out between 1997 and 2003 at Londrina, PR, with three crop rotations: R1 - lupin(L)/maize(M) - oat(O)/soybean(S) - wheat(W)/soybean(S); R2 - W/S - L/M - L/M - W/S (high frequency of lupin as green manure) and R3 - O/M - W/M - O/M - W/M (dominance of gramineae). All cereals were fertilized with N except in the case of maize after lupin. The biomass and total N accumulation of the crops along with N2 fixation and N fertiliser inputs to the system were monitored. Soil samples from different depths up to 80 cm deep were taken to measure soil C and N accumulation. Soil samples taken in 2001 and 2003 were separated into aggregate size classes (53-250; 250-2000 and >2000 µm) by wet sieving. The Light Fraction (LF) and intra-aggregate particulate organic matter were isolated. Crop yields and amounts of residues were not influenced by soil tillage. However, maize planted under NT in R3 had a lower yield, probably due to soil N deficiency provoked by high C/N ratio residues from the prior graminaceous crops. When lupin was included in the rotation before maize, maize yield was still high without N-fertilizer. For wheat, the rotation with soybean also promoted an improvement in crop yield. The amount of C in residues deposited on the soil was 36; 45 and 41 Mg ha-1 for R1, R2, R3, respectively. The system N balance was directly related to the presence of the winter legume. In R3 where there was no N2 fixation contribution, the N balance was -118 kg N ha-1 but for R2 and R1 the N balance was positive at approximately 40 kg N ha-1 which illustrates the importance of the legume for soil N accumulation. In general, NT improved C and N concentration at 0-5 and 5-20 cm soil depth. Soil C stock was significantly higher under NT at 0-5 cm depth for all crop rotations in 2003, six years after NT adoption. When C stocks were calculated for the 0-80 cm soil layer using the correction for equal soil mass, there were no significant differences between NT and CT, except when the comparison was within R1. In R1, NT accumulated 6.8 Mg ha-1 more C than the soil under CT. Under NT the accumulation of C in the 0-80 cm depth interval was greater under R1 than in other rotations by approximately 10.5 Mg ha-1. The higher accumulation of C under R1 associated with NT was due to the greater equilibrium between inputs and outputs of N when the gramineae and legume crops were alternated in the same area. However, the high occurrence of leguminous green manure in R2 seems to hinder C accumulation in soil probably due to a high occurrence of more labile residues. In the case of R3, the lack of a positive N balance would explain the lack of C accumulation in soil. The study of soil aggregates revealed NT had a greater mean weight diameter than the soil under CT due to a larger proportion of macroaggregates (>2000 µm). The results of the soil organic matter fractionation showed that there were enhanced C concentrations in larger aggregate size classes. There were no differences in mineral-associated C under the different soil preparation systems or crop rotations, which was also observed in relation to Fe and Al concentrations of the soil. There was enhanced C concentration in LF in larger aggregate size classes, being greatest at 5-20 cm soil depth under CT. Within macroaggregates (250-2000 µm), around 75% of their mass was constituted by microaggregates under CT and NT, and the C concentration of these microaggregates was 3 times greater than C concentration found in free microaggregates under NT, but no differences on C concentration were found under CT. Thus, the results confirm the theory that fresh residues act as a nuclei for macroaggregate formation and subsequently microaggregates. From the predominance of macroaggregates over microaggregates we can conclude that under NT the aggregation process was more active than under CT, which would ensure soil C stability. Also, variations in soil aggregation between 2001 and 2003 showed that crop rotation plays an important role on soil aggregation, and the data suggested that legumes would reduce macroaggregate formation.
700 1 $aTORRES, E.
700 1 $aBODDEY, R.
700 1 $aURQUIAGA, S.
700 1 $aALVES, B. J. R.
773 $tIn: WORLD CONGRESS OF SOIL SCIENCE, 18., 2006, Philadelphia. Abstracts... Madison: ASA-CSSA-SSSA, 2006.
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