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Registro Completo |
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Biblioteca(s): |
Embrapa Instrumentação. |
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Data corrente: |
22/12/1999 |
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Data da última atualização: |
01/03/2010 |
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Autoria: |
MATTOSO, L. H. C.; MACDIARMID, A. G. |
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Afiliação: |
EMBRAPA-CNPDIA; University of Pennsylvania-Chemistry Department. |
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Título: |
Polyanilines, oxidation states. |
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Ano de publicação: |
1996 |
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Fonte/Imprenta: |
In: SALAMONE, J.C. (Ed.). Polymeric materials encyclopedia. Boca Raton: CRC, 1996. |
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Páginas: |
p. 5505-5513. |
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Idioma: |
Inglês |
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Conteúdo: |
First reports on the synthesis of aniline-based compounds are from the last century. Later polyaniline (PAni) was described as existing in four different oxidation states, each of which was an octamer. A few scattered papers appeared in the 1950s and 1960s on Pani oligomers and the electrochemical and FeCl3 oxidation of aniline. Until relatively, Pani, probably the oldest know synthetic organic polymer, consisted of an ill-defined class of materials obtained by the chemical or electrochemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. Early studies were fraught with problems of uncertain composition, and it was not until the mid-1980s the advent of better characterized materials that significant physical studies became possible. Polyanilines started to be extensively studies as conducting polymer after 1980, with several groups following suit during the following decade. The fascination of the conducting polymer community with this complex, challenging and potentially tecnologically important polymer system is due to its unique properties, in particular, ease of doping by protonic acids, stability in the doped and conductive state, solubility, and processability in the form of flexible high-strength films and fibers. Such characteristics have made PAni an outstanding conducting polymer with commercial viability in technological application such as rechargeable batteries, conductive coating on textiles, cable shielding, chemical sensors, electromagnetic shielding, electrical and electrochemical devices, and electrochromic displays. The term "polyaniline" as commonly employed, refers to a class of polymers of which the base form has the generalized composition and consists of alternating reduced (y), and oxidized (1-y), repeat units. (Structure !) In principle y can be varied continuosly from one, the completely reduced polymer, to zero to give the completely oxidized polymer (Structure 2 and 3). The terms leucoemeraldine, protoemeraldine, nigraniline, and pernigraniline, used in the following discussion will refer to the different oxidation states of the polymer where y=1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 and 0 respectively. These names apply to polymers either in the base form, such as emeraldine base or in the protonated salt form, such as emeraldine hydrochloride. Although, in principle, the oxidation staates can vary continuously, it will be shown that PAnis can exist in only three discrete oxidation states: leucoemeraldine, emeraldine and pernigraniline, the order oxidation states being a mixture of these. The imine nitrogen atoms in any of the species can be protonated in whole or in part to give the corresponding salts (doped form), the degree of protonation of the polymeric base depending on its oxidation state and on the pH of the aqueous acid. In this paper we present a brief review on the synthesis and doping of Panis in the various oxidation states and on the intercon version between the different oxidation states. MenosFirst reports on the synthesis of aniline-based compounds are from the last century. Later polyaniline (PAni) was described as existing in four different oxidation states, each of which was an octamer. A few scattered papers appeared in the 1950s and 1960s on Pani oligomers and the electrochemical and FeCl3 oxidation of aniline. Until relatively, Pani, probably the oldest know synthetic organic polymer, consisted of an ill-defined class of materials obtained by the chemical or electrochemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. Early studies were fraught with problems of uncertain composition, and it was not until the mid-1980s the advent of better characterized materials that significant physical studies became possible. Polyanilines started to be extensively studies as conducting polymer after 1980, with several groups following suit during the following decade. The fascination of the conducting polymer community with this complex, challenging and potentially tecnologically important polymer system is due to its unique properties, in particular, ease of doping by protonic acids, stability in the doped and conductive state, solubility, and processability in the form of flexible high-strength films and fibers. Such characteristics have made PAni an outstanding conducting polymer with commercial viability in technological application such as rechargeable batteries, conductive coating on textiles, cable shielding, chemical sensors, electromagnetic shielding, electrical and el... Mostrar Tudo |
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Palavras-Chave: |
Polianilinas. |
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Categoria do assunto: |
-- |
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Marc: |
LEADER 03390naa a2200157 a 4500
001 1027106
005 2010-03-01
008 1996 bl --- 0-- u #d
100 1 $aMATTOSO, L. H. C.
245 $aPolyanilines, oxidation states.
260 $c1996
300 $ap. 5505-5513.
520 $aFirst reports on the synthesis of aniline-based compounds are from the last century. Later polyaniline (PAni) was described as existing in four different oxidation states, each of which was an octamer. A few scattered papers appeared in the 1950s and 1960s on Pani oligomers and the electrochemical and FeCl3 oxidation of aniline. Until relatively, Pani, probably the oldest know synthetic organic polymer, consisted of an ill-defined class of materials obtained by the chemical or electrochemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. Early studies were fraught with problems of uncertain composition, and it was not until the mid-1980s the advent of better characterized materials that significant physical studies became possible. Polyanilines started to be extensively studies as conducting polymer after 1980, with several groups following suit during the following decade. The fascination of the conducting polymer community with this complex, challenging and potentially tecnologically important polymer system is due to its unique properties, in particular, ease of doping by protonic acids, stability in the doped and conductive state, solubility, and processability in the form of flexible high-strength films and fibers. Such characteristics have made PAni an outstanding conducting polymer with commercial viability in technological application such as rechargeable batteries, conductive coating on textiles, cable shielding, chemical sensors, electromagnetic shielding, electrical and electrochemical devices, and electrochromic displays. The term "polyaniline" as commonly employed, refers to a class of polymers of which the base form has the generalized composition and consists of alternating reduced (y), and oxidized (1-y), repeat units. (Structure !) In principle y can be varied continuosly from one, the completely reduced polymer, to zero to give the completely oxidized polymer (Structure 2 and 3). The terms leucoemeraldine, protoemeraldine, nigraniline, and pernigraniline, used in the following discussion will refer to the different oxidation states of the polymer where y=1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25 and 0 respectively. These names apply to polymers either in the base form, such as emeraldine base or in the protonated salt form, such as emeraldine hydrochloride. Although, in principle, the oxidation staates can vary continuously, it will be shown that PAnis can exist in only three discrete oxidation states: leucoemeraldine, emeraldine and pernigraniline, the order oxidation states being a mixture of these. The imine nitrogen atoms in any of the species can be protonated in whole or in part to give the corresponding salts (doped form), the degree of protonation of the polymeric base depending on its oxidation state and on the pH of the aqueous acid. In this paper we present a brief review on the synthesis and doping of Panis in the various oxidation states and on the intercon version between the different oxidation states.
653 $aPolianilinas
700 1 $aMACDIARMID, A. G.
773 $tIn: SALAMONE, J.C. (Ed.). Polymeric materials encyclopedia. Boca Raton: CRC, 1996.
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Registro original: |
Embrapa Instrumentação (CNPDIA) |
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Registro |
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Registro Completo
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Biblioteca(s): |
Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. |
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Data corrente: |
20/03/2019 |
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Data da última atualização: |
04/12/2023 |
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Tipo da produção científica: |
Artigo em Anais de Congresso |
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Autoria: |
SANTOS, F. N. de S.; CARNEIRO, M. S. de S.; GUEDES, L. F.; COSTA, C. dos S.; OLIVEIRA, D. de S.; SILVA, S. F. da; ALVES, F. G. da S.; ROGERIO, M. C. P. |
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Afiliação: |
FRANCISCO NAYSSON DE SOUSA SANTOS; MARIA SOCORRO DE SOUZA CARNEIRO; LUCIANA FREITAS GUEDES; CLÉSIO DOS SANTOS COSTA; DELANO DE SOUSA OLIVEIRA; SHIRLENNE FERREIRA DA SILVA; FRANCISCO GLEYSON DA SILVEIRA ALVES; MARCOS CLAUDIO PINHEIRO ROGERIO, CNPC. |
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Título: |
Consumo e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro em dietas para cordeiros Santa Inês submetidos à restrição de nutrientes. |
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Ano de publicação: |
2017 |
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Fonte/Imprenta: |
In: CONGRESSO NORDESTINO DE PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL, 12., 2017, Juazeiro, BA. Construindo pontes entre o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão: anais. Petrolina: Univasf: Embrapa Semiárido: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Sertão de Pernambuco, 2017. 1 CD-ROM. p. 857-859. |
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Idioma: |
Português |
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Conteúdo: |
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em cordeiros Santa Inês terminados em confinamento submetidos à restrição de nutrientes conforme exigências preconizadas pelo NRC (2007). O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Respirometria do Semiárido (LARESA) da Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês não castrados com peso inicial de 14,8 ± 3,52 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 2x2 (dois níveis de restrição de nutrientes: 0 e 15% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e proteína bruta (PB), sob dois planos de maturidade: precoce e tardia). As análises de FDN e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) procedeu-se a metodologia proposta por Van Soest (1991). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade através do procedimento PROC GLM do programa estatístico SAS 9.0. Houve efeito para a digestibilidade da FDN para as maturidades (precoce e tardia) entretanto, para os níveis de restrição não foi observado tal comportamento. O menor consumo desse nutriente para a maturidade precoce e sem restrição (0%) se deu em virtude do baixo teor de FDN dessa dieta, uma vez que o consumo de fibra é depreciado quando se aumenta a proporção de concentrado. A baixa digestibilidade da FDN para a maturidade precoce pode ser explicado pelo fato de maior quantidade de carboidratos não fibrosos presentes na dieta. As dietas formuladas para maturidade precoce e sem restrição interferiu nos parâmetros de consumo da FDN. [Intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in Santa Ines lambs submitted to restriction as nutrients]. Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and the apparent digestibility of the fiber (NDF) in neutral detergent in Santa Ines lambs fed in the confinement submitted to the restriction of nutrients according to the NRC (2007). The experiment was conducted in Respirometry Laboratory Semi-Arid (LARESA) at Embrapa Goats and Sheep. Twenty lambs of the Santa Ines breed were castrated with an initial weight of 14.8 ± 3.52 kg. In a completely randomized design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two nutrients restriction levels: 0 to 15% of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) under two maturity plans: early and late). The analysis of NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was carried out the methodology proposed by Van Soest (1991). The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability using the PROC GLM procedure of the statistical program SAS 9.0. There was an effect for NDF digestibility to maturity (early and late), while for restriction levels such behavior was not observed. The lowest intake of this nutrient for early and unrestricted maturity (0%) was due to the low NDF content of this diet, since fiber intake is depreciated when the concentrate ratio is increased. The low digestibility of NDF for early maturity can be explained by the fact that a greater amount of non-fibrous carbohydrates present in the diet. Diets formulated for early maturity and without restriction interfered in the parameters of NDF intake MenosResumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em cordeiros Santa Inês terminados em confinamento submetidos à restrição de nutrientes conforme exigências preconizadas pelo NRC (2007). O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Respirometria do Semiárido (LARESA) da Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês não castrados com peso inicial de 14,8 ± 3,52 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 2x2 (dois níveis de restrição de nutrientes: 0 e 15% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e proteína bruta (PB), sob dois planos de maturidade: precoce e tardia). As análises de FDN e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) procedeu-se a metodologia proposta por Van Soest (1991). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade através do procedimento PROC GLM do programa estatístico SAS 9.0. Houve efeito para a digestibilidade da FDN para as maturidades (precoce e tardia) entretanto, para os níveis de restrição não foi observado tal comportamento. O menor consumo desse nutriente para a maturidade precoce e sem restrição (0%) se deu em virtude do baixo teor de FDN dessa dieta, uma vez que o consumo de fibra é depreciado quando se aumenta a proporção de concentrado. A baixa digestibilidade da FDN para a maturidade precoce pode ser explicado pelo fato de maior quantidade de carboidratos não fibr... Mostrar Tudo |
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Palavras-Chave: |
Maturity; Raça Santa Inês. |
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Thesagro: |
Confinamento; Consumo; Maturidade; Nutrição Animal; Ovino. |
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Thesaurus NAL: |
Brazil; Feedlots; Semiarid soils; Sheep feeding. |
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Categoria do assunto: |
L Ciência Animal e Produtos de Origem Animal |
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URL: |
https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/194584/1/cnpc-2017-Consumo-e-digestibilidade.pdf
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Marc: |
LEADER 04511nam a2200325 a 4500
001 2107283
005 2023-12-04
008 2017 bl uuuu u00u1 u #d
100 1 $aSANTOS, F. N. de S.
245 $aConsumo e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro em dietas para cordeiros Santa Inês submetidos à restrição de nutrientes.$h[electronic resource]
260 $aIn: CONGRESSO NORDESTINO DE PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL, 12., 2017, Juazeiro, BA. Construindo pontes entre o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão: anais. Petrolina: Univasf: Embrapa Semiárido: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Sertão de Pernambuco, 2017. 1 CD-ROM. p. 857-859.$c2017
520 $aResumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) em cordeiros Santa Inês terminados em confinamento submetidos à restrição de nutrientes conforme exigências preconizadas pelo NRC (2007). O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Respirometria do Semiárido (LARESA) da Embrapa Caprinos e Ovinos. Foram utilizados 20 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês não castrados com peso inicial de 14,8 ± 3,52 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 2x2 (dois níveis de restrição de nutrientes: 0 e 15% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e proteína bruta (PB), sob dois planos de maturidade: precoce e tardia). As análises de FDN e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) procedeu-se a metodologia proposta por Van Soest (1991). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade através do procedimento PROC GLM do programa estatístico SAS 9.0. Houve efeito para a digestibilidade da FDN para as maturidades (precoce e tardia) entretanto, para os níveis de restrição não foi observado tal comportamento. O menor consumo desse nutriente para a maturidade precoce e sem restrição (0%) se deu em virtude do baixo teor de FDN dessa dieta, uma vez que o consumo de fibra é depreciado quando se aumenta a proporção de concentrado. A baixa digestibilidade da FDN para a maturidade precoce pode ser explicado pelo fato de maior quantidade de carboidratos não fibrosos presentes na dieta. As dietas formuladas para maturidade precoce e sem restrição interferiu nos parâmetros de consumo da FDN. [Intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber in Santa Ines lambs submitted to restriction as nutrients]. Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and the apparent digestibility of the fiber (NDF) in neutral detergent in Santa Ines lambs fed in the confinement submitted to the restriction of nutrients according to the NRC (2007). The experiment was conducted in Respirometry Laboratory Semi-Arid (LARESA) at Embrapa Goats and Sheep. Twenty lambs of the Santa Ines breed were castrated with an initial weight of 14.8 ± 3.52 kg. In a completely randomized design with a 2x2 factorial arrangement (two nutrients restriction levels: 0 to 15% of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) under two maturity plans: early and late). The analysis of NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was carried out the methodology proposed by Van Soest (1991). The data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability using the PROC GLM procedure of the statistical program SAS 9.0. There was an effect for NDF digestibility to maturity (early and late), while for restriction levels such behavior was not observed. The lowest intake of this nutrient for early and unrestricted maturity (0%) was due to the low NDF content of this diet, since fiber intake is depreciated when the concentrate ratio is increased. The low digestibility of NDF for early maturity can be explained by the fact that a greater amount of non-fibrous carbohydrates present in the diet. Diets formulated for early maturity and without restriction interfered in the parameters of NDF intake
650 $aBrazil
650 $aFeedlots
650 $aSemiarid soils
650 $aSheep feeding
650 $aConfinamento
650 $aConsumo
650 $aMaturidade
650 $aNutrição Animal
650 $aOvino
653 $aMaturity
653 $aRaça Santa Inês
700 1 $aCARNEIRO, M. S. de S.
700 1 $aGUEDES, L. F.
700 1 $aCOSTA, C. dos S.
700 1 $aOLIVEIRA, D. de S.
700 1 $aSILVA, S. F. da
700 1 $aALVES, F. G. da S.
700 1 $aROGERIO, M. C. P.
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