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Registro Completo |
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Biblioteca(s): |
Embrapa Florestas. |
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Data corrente: |
25/09/2008 |
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Data da última atualização: |
25/09/2008 |
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Autoria: |
LÓPEZ, M. G.; SALMON, S.; COSÍN, D. D.; FERNANDEZ, R. |
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Título: |
The impact of the earthworm Aporrectodea giardi on the behavior of the collembola Heteromurus nitidus: discrimination between living space and nutrient resource supply. |
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Ano de publicação: |
2008 |
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Fonte/Imprenta: |
In: INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON SOIL ZOOLOGY, 15; INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON APTERYGOTA, 12., 2008, Curitiba. Biodiversity, conservation and sustainabele management of soil animal: abstracts. Colombo: Embrapa Florestas. Editors: George Gardner Brown; Klaus Dieter Sautter; Renato Marques; Amarildo Pasini. 1 CD-ROM. |
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Idioma: |
Inglês |
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Conteúdo: |
The effect of earthworms on microarthropod abundance and distribution has been studied by
several authors (Marinissen and Bok, 1988; Loranger et al., 1998; Salmon and Ponge 1999,
2001; Maraun et al., 1999; Migge, 2001; Gutiérrez et al., 2003), but the results obtained were
variable. Salmon et al. (2005) demonstrated that the presence of some earthworm species
increased the population densities of Heteromurus nitidus when submitted to a predation
pressure. It is hypothesised that H. nitidus benefited from earthworm burrows to escape predators
and from their excreta, which are attractant for this collembolan species (Salmon and Ponge,
2001).
The objective of this study was to discriminate between (1) the impact of burrows at the mechanical
level, in terms of increasing of the living space for Collembola (habitat structure), and (2) their
role as nutrient resource supply (habitat quality), by comparing the effect of artificial galleries
and true earthworm burrows created by Aporrectodea giardi on the behaviour of H. nitidus.
Three series (with six replicates each) of experiment were done in plastic boxes (18x12x6.5
cm) divided in two compartments with a 2mm pore-size mesh in the middle. In Treatment 1,
compacted soil without galleries was compared with compacted soil with artificial galleries of 7
mm (the diameter of the earthworm). Treatment 2 allowed to compare compacted soil with
artificial galleries of 7 mm and soil inhabited by A. giardi. In Treatment 3, compacted soil with
artificial galleries of 7 mm was compared with soil previously worked by A. giardi, from which
the earthworm was removed.
The soil used was a calcic mull sieved (4 mm) and defaunated (frozen and thawed three times
for five days). The experiment was done with a controlled number of predators and with
compacted soil at a constant density. The artificial galleries were made introducing a cable (7
mm diameter) into the compacted soil. Natural galleries from A. giardi without A. giardi were
created introducing one individual in each microcosm for 15 days and extracting the earthworms
with a moisture gradient before the beginning of the experiment.
28 H. nitidus (14 in each compartment) and 12 predators Chilopods (six in each compartment)
were introduced in each microcosm. The experiment was maintained for 15 days at 15ºC. Then,
the fauna from each type of soil was extracted with the Berlese-Tullgren method and counted
under a stereomicroscope. The mean number H. nitidus in the two compartments was compared
by a paired t-test.
A greater number of adult H. nitidus were collected in compartments with artificial galleries of 7
mm than in compacted soil. The Collembola could use these galleries to escape from predators.
No significant differences were found in the abundance of adult H. nitidus between artificial
galleries of 7 mm and natural galleries with or without A. giardi. Those results mean that, over a
short period (15d), A. giardi could influence favourably the populations of H. nitidus increasing
their living space independently of its impact through resource supply (cast and mucus spread on the burrow wall). A contrasted result was observed for juveniles, which were significantly
more abundant in the artificial galleries of 7 mm than in soil with the earthworm; it could show
that adult H. nitidus prevent their eggs and juveniles from the physical disturbance resulting from
the activity of A. giardi, by selecting a large living space without disturbance (artificial galleries)
for their reproduction.
Therefore, earthworms would have a positive effect on the habitat structure for Collembola,
allowing them to escape predators but may also negatively affect the reproduction of Collembola
by physical disturbance and destabilization of habitat. MenosThe effect of earthworms on microarthropod abundance and distribution has been studied by
several authors (Marinissen and Bok, 1988; Loranger et al., 1998; Salmon and Ponge 1999,
2001; Maraun et al., 1999; Migge, 2001; Gutiérrez et al., 2003), but the results obtained were
variable. Salmon et al. (2005) demonstrated that the presence of some earthworm species
increased the population densities of Heteromurus nitidus when submitted to a predation
pressure. It is hypothesised that H. nitidus benefited from earthworm burrows to escape predators
and from their excreta, which are attractant for this collembolan species (Salmon and Ponge,
2001).
The objective of this study was to discriminate between (1) the impact of burrows at the mechanical
level, in terms of increasing of the living space for Collembola (habitat structure), and (2) their
role as nutrient resource supply (habitat quality), by comparing the effect of artificial galleries
and true earthworm burrows created by Aporrectodea giardi on the behaviour of H. nitidus.
Three series (with six replicates each) of experiment were done in plastic boxes (18x12x6.5
cm) divided in two compartments with a 2mm pore-size mesh in the middle. In Treatment 1,
compacted soil without galleries was compared with compacted soil with artificial galleries of 7
mm (the diameter of the earthworm). Treatment 2 allowed to compare compacted soil with
artificial galleries of 7 mm and soil inhabited by A. giardi. In Treatment 3, compacted soil wit... Mostrar Tudo |
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Categoria do assunto: |
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Marc: |
LEADER 04575naa a2200157 a 4500
001 1314952
005 2008-09-25
008 2008 bl uuuu u00u1 u #d
100 1 $aLÓPEZ, M. G.
245 $aThe impact of the earthworm Aporrectodea giardi on the behavior of the collembola Heteromurus nitidus$bdiscrimination between living space and nutrient resource supply.
260 $c2008
520 $aThe effect of earthworms on microarthropod abundance and distribution has been studied by several authors (Marinissen and Bok, 1988; Loranger et al., 1998; Salmon and Ponge 1999, 2001; Maraun et al., 1999; Migge, 2001; Gutiérrez et al., 2003), but the results obtained were variable. Salmon et al. (2005) demonstrated that the presence of some earthworm species increased the population densities of Heteromurus nitidus when submitted to a predation pressure. It is hypothesised that H. nitidus benefited from earthworm burrows to escape predators and from their excreta, which are attractant for this collembolan species (Salmon and Ponge, 2001). The objective of this study was to discriminate between (1) the impact of burrows at the mechanical level, in terms of increasing of the living space for Collembola (habitat structure), and (2) their role as nutrient resource supply (habitat quality), by comparing the effect of artificial galleries and true earthworm burrows created by Aporrectodea giardi on the behaviour of H. nitidus. Three series (with six replicates each) of experiment were done in plastic boxes (18x12x6.5 cm) divided in two compartments with a 2mm pore-size mesh in the middle. In Treatment 1, compacted soil without galleries was compared with compacted soil with artificial galleries of 7 mm (the diameter of the earthworm). Treatment 2 allowed to compare compacted soil with artificial galleries of 7 mm and soil inhabited by A. giardi. In Treatment 3, compacted soil with artificial galleries of 7 mm was compared with soil previously worked by A. giardi, from which the earthworm was removed. The soil used was a calcic mull sieved (4 mm) and defaunated (frozen and thawed three times for five days). The experiment was done with a controlled number of predators and with compacted soil at a constant density. The artificial galleries were made introducing a cable (7 mm diameter) into the compacted soil. Natural galleries from A. giardi without A. giardi were created introducing one individual in each microcosm for 15 days and extracting the earthworms with a moisture gradient before the beginning of the experiment. 28 H. nitidus (14 in each compartment) and 12 predators Chilopods (six in each compartment) were introduced in each microcosm. The experiment was maintained for 15 days at 15ºC. Then, the fauna from each type of soil was extracted with the Berlese-Tullgren method and counted under a stereomicroscope. The mean number H. nitidus in the two compartments was compared by a paired t-test. A greater number of adult H. nitidus were collected in compartments with artificial galleries of 7 mm than in compacted soil. The Collembola could use these galleries to escape from predators. No significant differences were found in the abundance of adult H. nitidus between artificial galleries of 7 mm and natural galleries with or without A. giardi. Those results mean that, over a short period (15d), A. giardi could influence favourably the populations of H. nitidus increasing their living space independently of its impact through resource supply (cast and mucus spread on the burrow wall). A contrasted result was observed for juveniles, which were significantly more abundant in the artificial galleries of 7 mm than in soil with the earthworm; it could show that adult H. nitidus prevent their eggs and juveniles from the physical disturbance resulting from the activity of A. giardi, by selecting a large living space without disturbance (artificial galleries) for their reproduction. Therefore, earthworms would have a positive effect on the habitat structure for Collembola, allowing them to escape predators but may also negatively affect the reproduction of Collembola by physical disturbance and destabilization of habitat.
700 1 $aSALMON, S.
700 1 $aCOSÍN, D. D.
700 1 $aFERNANDEZ, R.
773 $tIn: INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON SOIL ZOOLOGY, 15; INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON APTERYGOTA, 12., 2008, Curitiba. Biodiversity, conservation and sustainabele management of soil animal: abstracts. Colombo: Embrapa Florestas. Editors: George Gardner Brown; Klaus Dieter Sautter; Renato Marques; Amarildo Pasini. 1 CD-ROM.
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Registro original: |
Embrapa Florestas (CNPF) |
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Registro Completo
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Biblioteca(s): |
Embrapa Soja. |
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Data corrente: |
13/12/2012 |
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Data da última atualização: |
08/02/2018 |
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Tipo da produção científica: |
Artigo em Anais de Congresso |
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Autoria: |
FÉLIX, A.; RAMOS, T.; ALARÇA, L.; BRITO, C.; MANDARINO, J.; OLIVEIRA, S.; MAIORKA, A. |
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Afiliação: |
UFPR; JOSE MARCOS GONTIJO MANDARINO, CNPSO; UFPR; UFPR. |
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Título: |
Effect of extrusion on the trypsin inhibitors activity and digestibility of the raw soybean in dogs determined by the regression, substitution, and difference methods. |
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Ano de publicação: |
2012 |
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Fonte/Imprenta: |
In: Congress of the European Society of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition, 16., Bydgoszcz, 2012. Congress proceedings... Bydgoszcz: University of Technology and Life Sciences, 2012. |
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Páginas: |
p. 46. |
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Idioma: |
Português |
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Conteúdo: |
The lack of standardized methodologies to evaluate an ingredient?s digestibility in dogs contributes to the poor information about it. This is particularly important in protein sources, such as soybean, because dogs are carnivorous. There has been little investigation on the effect of pet food extrusion on the inactivation of trypsin inhibitors present in raw soybeans (RSB). Because of this, we aimed to evaluate the effect of extrusion on trypsin inhibitors and on the digestibility of RSB by the regression (REG), substitution (SUB), and difference (DIF) methods in dogs. Animals, material and methods: Six adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a Latin square design (6 x 6). The dogs were fed six extruded diets (single screw extruder) with increasing levels of RSB (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30%) for a 5-day adaptation period followed by 5 days of total faecal collection per period (AAFCO, 2004). Trypsin inhibitors activity was determined in the diets before and after extrusion. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients and the metabolizable energy (ME) of the RSB were determined by the SUB (Matterson et al., 1965), REG, and DIF methods (Fan and Sauer, 1995). Data were submitted to regression and to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey's test (P<0.05). The variances of the methods were compared by Cochran's test (P<0.05). Results and discussion: The extrusion process reduced the trypsin inhibitors of the diets (P<0.05), but did not completely inactivate it (3.09 mg/g to 1.82 mg/g before and after extrusion of the 30% RSB diet, respectively). Consequently, there was a linear decrease (P<0.05) in dry matter (0.823 to 0.808) and crude protein (0.832 to 0.806) CTTAD in diets with RSB inclusion (0 and 30% RSB diets, respectively). However, this reduction in CTTAD of diets was not observed in diets containing up to 12% of RSB (P>0.05). The ether extract CTTAD (0.891 to 0.910) and the ME (18.4 to 19.0 MJ/kg) of the diets increased linearly (P<0.05) with RSB inclusion (0 and 30% RSB diets, respectively), probably due to the high digestibility of the oil presented in the soybean (18.8% ether extract). Faecal dry matter content decreased (quadratic, P<0.05) with increasing RSB levels in diet (36.4 to 31.3% in the 0 and 30% RSB diets, respectively). The CTTAD of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and the ME of RSB predicted by the REG method were: 0.767, 0.773, 0.942, and 21.1 MJ/kg, respectively. Greater RSB levels in the diet (respectively 0 and 30% RSB) reduced determination errors (P<0.05) of the CTTAD of RSB by the SUB (variance = 0.0407 to 0.0002) and DIF (variance = 0.0124 to 0.0001) methods. With 30% RSB inclusion in the diet, there were no differences (P>0.05) in the CTTAD and ME predicted by the three methods, nor between the variances of the methods. Conclusion: The single screw extrusion process of diets containing high levels of RSB does not completely inactivate the trypsin inhibitors. However, up to 12% of RSB can be used in extruded diets without compromising protein digestibility and faecal consistency of dogs. Greater inclusion levels of RSB reduce estimative errors of this ingredient digestibility. Although the three methods can be used to predict ingredients digestibility in dogs, the DIF and the SUB methods are more practical than the REG method, considering the utilization of only two diets (reference and test), while the REG method requires at least four diets. MenosThe lack of standardized methodologies to evaluate an ingredient?s digestibility in dogs contributes to the poor information about it. This is particularly important in protein sources, such as soybean, because dogs are carnivorous. There has been little investigation on the effect of pet food extrusion on the inactivation of trypsin inhibitors present in raw soybeans (RSB). Because of this, we aimed to evaluate the effect of extrusion on trypsin inhibitors and on the digestibility of RSB by the regression (REG), substitution (SUB), and difference (DIF) methods in dogs. Animals, material and methods: Six adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a Latin square design (6 x 6). The dogs were fed six extruded diets (single screw extruder) with increasing levels of RSB (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30%) for a 5-day adaptation period followed by 5 days of total faecal collection per period (AAFCO, 2004). Trypsin inhibitors activity was determined in the diets before and after extrusion. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients and the metabolizable energy (ME) of the RSB were determined by the SUB (Matterson et al., 1965), REG, and DIF methods (Fan and Sauer, 1995). Data were submitted to regression and to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey's test (P<0.05). The variances of the methods were compared by Cochran's test (P<0.05). Results and discussion: The extrusion process reduced the trypsin inhibitors of the diets (P<0.05), but did ... Mostrar Tudo |
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Thesagro: |
Nutrição animal; Soja. |
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Thesaurus NAL: |
Animal nutrition; Soybeans. |
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Categoria do assunto: |
F Plantas e Produtos de Origem Vegetal |
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URL: |
https://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/72402/1/ID-33950.pdf
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Marc: |
LEADER 04383nam a2200241 a 4500
001 1942510
005 2018-02-08
008 2012 bl uuuu u00u1 u #d
100 1 $aFÉLIX, A.
245 $aEffect of extrusion on the trypsin inhibitors activity and digestibility of the raw soybean in dogs determined by the regression, substitution, and difference methods.$h[electronic resource]
260 $aIn: Congress of the European Society of Veterinary and Comparative Nutrition, 16., Bydgoszcz, 2012. Congress proceedings... Bydgoszcz: University of Technology and Life Sciences$c2012
300 $ap. 46.
520 $aThe lack of standardized methodologies to evaluate an ingredient?s digestibility in dogs contributes to the poor information about it. This is particularly important in protein sources, such as soybean, because dogs are carnivorous. There has been little investigation on the effect of pet food extrusion on the inactivation of trypsin inhibitors present in raw soybeans (RSB). Because of this, we aimed to evaluate the effect of extrusion on trypsin inhibitors and on the digestibility of RSB by the regression (REG), substitution (SUB), and difference (DIF) methods in dogs. Animals, material and methods: Six adult Beagle dogs were distributed in a Latin square design (6 x 6). The dogs were fed six extruded diets (single screw extruder) with increasing levels of RSB (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30%) for a 5-day adaptation period followed by 5 days of total faecal collection per period (AAFCO, 2004). Trypsin inhibitors activity was determined in the diets before and after extrusion. The coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients and the metabolizable energy (ME) of the RSB were determined by the SUB (Matterson et al., 1965), REG, and DIF methods (Fan and Sauer, 1995). Data were submitted to regression and to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey's test (P<0.05). The variances of the methods were compared by Cochran's test (P<0.05). Results and discussion: The extrusion process reduced the trypsin inhibitors of the diets (P<0.05), but did not completely inactivate it (3.09 mg/g to 1.82 mg/g before and after extrusion of the 30% RSB diet, respectively). Consequently, there was a linear decrease (P<0.05) in dry matter (0.823 to 0.808) and crude protein (0.832 to 0.806) CTTAD in diets with RSB inclusion (0 and 30% RSB diets, respectively). However, this reduction in CTTAD of diets was not observed in diets containing up to 12% of RSB (P>0.05). The ether extract CTTAD (0.891 to 0.910) and the ME (18.4 to 19.0 MJ/kg) of the diets increased linearly (P<0.05) with RSB inclusion (0 and 30% RSB diets, respectively), probably due to the high digestibility of the oil presented in the soybean (18.8% ether extract). Faecal dry matter content decreased (quadratic, P<0.05) with increasing RSB levels in diet (36.4 to 31.3% in the 0 and 30% RSB diets, respectively). The CTTAD of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, and the ME of RSB predicted by the REG method were: 0.767, 0.773, 0.942, and 21.1 MJ/kg, respectively. Greater RSB levels in the diet (respectively 0 and 30% RSB) reduced determination errors (P<0.05) of the CTTAD of RSB by the SUB (variance = 0.0407 to 0.0002) and DIF (variance = 0.0124 to 0.0001) methods. With 30% RSB inclusion in the diet, there were no differences (P>0.05) in the CTTAD and ME predicted by the three methods, nor between the variances of the methods. Conclusion: The single screw extrusion process of diets containing high levels of RSB does not completely inactivate the trypsin inhibitors. However, up to 12% of RSB can be used in extruded diets without compromising protein digestibility and faecal consistency of dogs. Greater inclusion levels of RSB reduce estimative errors of this ingredient digestibility. Although the three methods can be used to predict ingredients digestibility in dogs, the DIF and the SUB methods are more practical than the REG method, considering the utilization of only two diets (reference and test), while the REG method requires at least four diets.
650 $aAnimal nutrition
650 $aSoybeans
650 $aNutrição animal
650 $aSoja
700 1 $aRAMOS, T.
700 1 $aALARÇA, L.
700 1 $aBRITO, C.
700 1 $aMANDARINO, J.
700 1 $aOLIVEIRA, S.
700 1 $aMAIORKA, A.
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