02333naa a2200301 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400480007410000210012224501360014326000090027952014240028865000250171265000100173765000120174765000130175965300190177265300340179165300190182565300180184465300390186270000230190170000230192470000250194770000190197277300400199121535732024-02-29       2022    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a2223-77477 ahttps://doi.org/10.3390/plants110506032DOI1 aFERNANDES, G. B.  aTransgene flowbchallenges to the on-farm conservation of maize landraces in the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region.h[electronic resource]  c2022  aBrazil is one of the largest global producers of genetically modified crops and a center of origin and diversification of relevant species for agriculture and food. Transgenic monocultures occupy around 50 million hectares, whereas smallholder farmers, indigenous people, and traditional communities are responsible for in-situ/on-Farm conservation of local genetic resources. Based on 15 years of expertise in regulating GMOs and in cross-institutional agrobiodiversity conservation projects, this article discusses the challenges regarding the coexistence of these two agricultural models based on transgene flow detection in maize landraces. As part of a broad and unique participatory transgene-flow-monitoring process, 1098 samples of maize landraces were collected in the Brazilian Semi-arid Region between 2018 and 2021 and analyzed using immunochromatographic strips. The tests revealed 34% of samples with presence of GM proteins. It is concluded that the biosafety standards in force in Brazil do not allow the assurance of on-Farm conservation of maize. The sectors that contribute to agrobiodiversity conservation and do not benefit from using GM seeds are taking on the burden of this process. Transgene flow can be reduced by approving and enforcing more effective coexistence rules that consider maize landraces crop areas also as seed-producing areas added to full disclosure of commercial seeds origin.  aAgricultura Familiar  aMilho  aSemente  aZea Mays  aFamily farming  aGenetically Modified Organism  aMaize varietie  aMilho crioulo  aOrganismo Geneticamente Modificado1 aSILVA, A. C. de L.1 aMARONHAS, M. E. S.1 aSANTOS, A. da S. dos1 aLIMA, P. H. C.  tPlantsgv. 11, n. 5, p. 2-24, 2022.