02765naa a2200493 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902200140006002400400007410000260011424501750014026000090031552012840032465000150160865000150162365000300163865000110166865000170167965000130169665000210170965000110173065000150174165000230175665000170177965000230179665000150181965000160183465300090185065300240185965300240188365300190190765300250192665300160195165300380196765300450200565300320205065300230208265300150210565300190212070000210213970000220216070000210218277300680220320867022021-07-02       2017    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d  a0921-80097 a10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.12.0352DOI1 aJARAMILLO-GIRALDO, C.  aIs it possible to make rubber extraction ecologically and economically viable in the Amazon? the southern Acre and Chico Mendes Reserve case study.h[electronic resource]  c2017  aRubber extraction in the Amazon faces enormous ecological and economic challenges. We modeled the ecology (tree density and forest yields) and the production chain, including rents of the three major rubber products: Pressed Virgin Rubber (PVR), Liquid Latex (LL), and Liquid Smoked Sheet (LSS) from native forests and from plantations in Southern Acre, including the emblematic ChicoMendes Reserve. Our estimates show that, in native forests, tree density ranges from 0 to 4 trees/ha (average = 1.67 trees/ha), while productivity varies from 1 to 3 l/tree/year (average = 2.26 l/tree/year) with yields between 1 and 6 l/ha/year. Our model estimates a potential annual production of 890 tons of dry rubber in the 2.5 million ha of forests of Southern Acre (average=0.36 kg/ha/year). Rubber extraction in native forests is not economically viable without government subsidies. Mean Equivalent Annual Annuity (EAA) for LL is US$ 3.24 ha/year in a scenario with subsidies and of 75% of potential annual harvest. LSS from plantations reaches an EAA of US$ 270 ha/year if costs of formation are subsidized. Public subsidies or Payments for EcosystemServices are essential to sustain, at least temporally, rubber tapper identity ? an important Cultural Ecosystem Service of the Amazon.  aCrop yield  aExtraction  aNontimber forest products  aRubber  aSupply chain  aBorracha  aCadeia produtiva  aCaucho  aExtração  aHevea Brasiliensis  aHeveicultura  aProdução vegetal  aRendimento  aSeringueira  aAcre  aAmazonia Occidental  aAmazônia Ocidental  aÁrbol de goma  aCadena de suministro  aExtracción  aProductos forestales no madereros  aProduto florestal não madeireiro (PFNM)  aRendimiento de los cultivos  aRESEX Chico Mendes  aRuber tree  aWestern Amazon1 aSOARES FILHO, B.1 aRIBEIRO, S. M. C.1 aGONCALVES, R. C.  tEcological Economics, Amsterdamgv. 134, p. 186-197, Apr. 2017.