01965naa a2200181 a 450000100080000000500110000800800410001902400350006010000170009524501450011226000090025752014020026665000220166865300170169070000190170770000150172677300420174120034672015-03-20       2014    bl uuuu     u00u1 u    #d7 a10.1007/s11056-014-9415-y2DOI1 aWENDLING, I.  aMaturation and related aspects in clonal forestry - part IIbreinvigoration, rejuvenation and juvenility maintenance.h[electronic resource]  c2014  aSeveral techniques have been developed for reinvigorating, rejuvenating or maintaining the juvenility of plants. None of these techniques is as effective as natural rejuvenation whereby the most mature plant parts, the reproductive organs, produce the most juvenile plant parts, the embryos, through gametogenesis and sexual reproduction. The most common criteria for identifying reinvigoration or rejuvenation are based on morphology, morphogenic capacity and the ability to produce cones or flowers. Doubts remain over whether true rejuvenation (reduced ontogenetic age) can be achieved by artificial methods such as serial vegetative propagation, or whether these methods merely provide reinvigoration (reduced physiological age) by temporarily removing environmental and physiological constraints to growth. Rejuvenation and reinvigoration are difficult to distinguish from each other but there is some evidence that artificial methods provide at least partial rejuvenation of plants. This review examines methods for delaying the maturation of juvenile plants and for reducing the ontogenetic or physiological age of more-mature plants. The review discusses theoretical and practical aspects of juvenility, rejuvenation and reinvigoration in clonal forestry, and identifies research areas in maturation that could lead to more-effective methods for establishing high-productivity plantations.  aCultura de Tecido  aPropagação1 aTRUEMAN, S. J.1 aXAVIER, A.  tNew Forestsgv. 45, p. 473-486, 2014.