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Registro Completo |
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Biblioteca(s): |
Embrapa Pantanal. |
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Data corrente: |
22/05/1996 |
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Data da última atualização: |
05/01/2011 |
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Autoria: |
HUNT, O. J.; HULBURT, W. C.; WAGNER, R. E. |
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Título: |
Development of field research equipament and evaluation of methods of establishing forage crops. |
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Ano de publicação: |
1963 |
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Fonte/Imprenta: |
Technical Bulletin, n.1279, p.1-53, 1963. |
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Idioma: |
Inglês |
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Conteúdo: |
Studies on the seeding and establishment of forage species were conducted at Beltsville, Md., from 1952 to 1955. Objectives of the studies were to determine the methods of establishment that would require less seed for satisfactory stands, eliminate or lessen the hazards of stands failures, and promote faster development and growth of the seedlings that would assure earlier utilization of the pasture, and, consequently, more production. Precision equipment for the establishment of forages on prepared seedbeds in field experiments has been developed by Agricultural Research Service research engineers. The special drills were comparable to farm machines, but they were not prototype field implements as their prime objective was to facilitate the accurate determination of basic information regarding seeding and fertilizing methods. Seed and fertilizer can be metered accurately at various rates and applied in broadcast patterns or in drilled rows to plots approximately 5 feet wide. These special machines and some new techniques in handling field plots were developed primarily for the work reported in this bulletin. However, owing to the great interest by research workers of State agricultural experiment stations, more than 100 cooperative experiments in 18 States were conducted during the first 8 years of the study with the seven special drills devised by this research unit. The Beltsville experiments included early- summer mixed seedlings of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don) and fall mixed seedings of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and ladino clover (Trifolium repens L. var. ladino). Experimental variables included seed rates and placement and fertilizer rates, ratios, and placement. In the evaluation and analysis of these experiments particular attention was given to initial emergence of seedlings, early growth and development, survival, production of forage, and weed populations. The more significant results of these studies may be summarized as follows:
1. In the fall seeding of grassland species (tall fescue and ladino clover) on prepared seedbeds, establishment resulted in 3 out of 4 years, 1052-55, by banding fertilizer below the drilled seed. Unsually poor moisture conditions reduced stands materially in broadcast treatments. In the fall of 1955, excellent moisture conditions prevailed and little differences in emergence were indicated; however differences in development of seedlings due to treatments were noted. In no instance were broadcast stands superior to band-seeded ones within the same groups of fertilizer and seed rates.
2. In early-summer seeding of grassland species (orchardgrass and Sericea lespedeza) drilling fertilizer below drilled seed had a depressing effect on establishment in 2 out of 3 yeras, 1953-55, except with phosphate fertilizer alone. When poor moisture conditions pre- vailed after planting, the best establishment was obtained by drilling seed and broadcasting fertilizer at the higher rates. Complete fertilizers banded at the lower rate, however, were equal to, or better than, the same amount of fertilizer broadcast.
3. Band seeding produced better early development of plants than other methods under adverse seeding conditions except where nitrogen and potassium were used alone or in combination. With good-to-fair moisture, the use of nitrogen and potash alone or in combination produced fair stands of grass but reduced legume stands and development of se- edling in both species. In very dry seasons these treatments produced little or no stands of either species.
4. Among the broadcast treatments, better stands were obtained where seed was deposi- ted ahead of a double corrugated roller instead of between the rollers (common farm prac- tice). This treatment did not produce adequate stands in the drier years, but with adequate moisture it was one of the best treatments.
5. Phosphorous and complete fertilizers stimulated early growth; but nitrogen and potash, either alone or in combination, had a depressing effect on stands, development, and yield.
6. The importance of proper placement of fertilizer in relation to the drilled seed is very clearly demonstrated in these studies. In practically all instances, a band of fertilizer placed 1 inch below the drilled seed stimulated development significantly, the exceptions being nitrogen and potassium fertilizers alone or in combination. Except for lower rates of phosphorus alone, contact placement of fertilizer was detrimental in most instances. Banding of fertilizer 1 inch to the side of the seed delayed stimulation of seedliongs. However, in general this delay was not long enough to cause serious damage. This may be an effective
method of banding fertilizer in drier years and on legume seedlings.
7. Weed populations usually were reduced considerably in bandseeded plots. Two reasons are though to be responsible for this: (1) fertilizer is available only to those plants directly over the band; and (2) compaction of the soil occurs only over the band, which leaves a poor seedbed between the drilled rows.
8. Early-seedling development, as measured by percent trifoliate leaves in clover and num- ber of tillers in grass, appears to be one of the best indicators of establishment used in these experiments. MenosStudies on the seeding and establishment of forage species were conducted at Beltsville, Md., from 1952 to 1955. Objectives of the studies were to determine the methods of establishment that would require less seed for satisfactory stands, eliminate or lessen the hazards of stands failures, and promote faster development and growth of the seedlings that would assure earlier utilization of the pasture, and, consequently, more production. Precision equipment for the establishment of forages on prepared seedbeds in field experiments has been developed by Agricultural Research Service research engineers. The special drills were comparable to farm machines, but they were not prototype field implements as their prime objective was to facilitate the accurate determination of basic information regarding seeding and fertilizing methods. Seed and fertilizer can be metered accurately at various rates and applied in broadcast patterns or in drilled rows to plots approximately 5 feet wide. These special machines and some new techniques in handling field plots were developed primarily for the work reported in this bulletin. However, owing to the great interest by research workers of State agricultural experiment stations, more than 100 cooperative experiments in 18 States were conducted during the first 8 years of the study with the seven special drills devised by this research unit. The Beltsville experiments included early- summer mixed seedlings of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) ... Mostrar Tudo |
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Palavras-Chave: |
Avaliacao; Desenvolvimento; Development; Equipamento de pesquisa de campo; Evaluation; Field research equipment. |
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Thesagro: |
Colheita; Forragem. |
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Thesaurus Nal: |
forage crops. |
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Categoria do assunto: |
-- |
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Marc: |
LEADER 06045naa a2200253 a 4500
001 1788536
005 2011-01-05
008 1963 bl --- 0-- u #d
100 1 $aHUNT, O. J.
245 $aDevelopment of field research equipament and evaluation of methods of establishing forage crops.
260 $c1963
520 $aStudies on the seeding and establishment of forage species were conducted at Beltsville, Md., from 1952 to 1955. Objectives of the studies were to determine the methods of establishment that would require less seed for satisfactory stands, eliminate or lessen the hazards of stands failures, and promote faster development and growth of the seedlings that would assure earlier utilization of the pasture, and, consequently, more production. Precision equipment for the establishment of forages on prepared seedbeds in field experiments has been developed by Agricultural Research Service research engineers. The special drills were comparable to farm machines, but they were not prototype field implements as their prime objective was to facilitate the accurate determination of basic information regarding seeding and fertilizing methods. Seed and fertilizer can be metered accurately at various rates and applied in broadcast patterns or in drilled rows to plots approximately 5 feet wide. These special machines and some new techniques in handling field plots were developed primarily for the work reported in this bulletin. However, owing to the great interest by research workers of State agricultural experiment stations, more than 100 cooperative experiments in 18 States were conducted during the first 8 years of the study with the seven special drills devised by this research unit. The Beltsville experiments included early- summer mixed seedlings of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don) and fall mixed seedings of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and ladino clover (Trifolium repens L. var. ladino). Experimental variables included seed rates and placement and fertilizer rates, ratios, and placement. In the evaluation and analysis of these experiments particular attention was given to initial emergence of seedlings, early growth and development, survival, production of forage, and weed populations. The more significant results of these studies may be summarized as follows: 1. In the fall seeding of grassland species (tall fescue and ladino clover) on prepared seedbeds, establishment resulted in 3 out of 4 years, 1052-55, by banding fertilizer below the drilled seed. Unsually poor moisture conditions reduced stands materially in broadcast treatments. In the fall of 1955, excellent moisture conditions prevailed and little differences in emergence were indicated; however differences in development of seedlings due to treatments were noted. In no instance were broadcast stands superior to band-seeded ones within the same groups of fertilizer and seed rates. 2. In early-summer seeding of grassland species (orchardgrass and Sericea lespedeza) drilling fertilizer below drilled seed had a depressing effect on establishment in 2 out of 3 yeras, 1953-55, except with phosphate fertilizer alone. When poor moisture conditions pre- vailed after planting, the best establishment was obtained by drilling seed and broadcasting fertilizer at the higher rates. Complete fertilizers banded at the lower rate, however, were equal to, or better than, the same amount of fertilizer broadcast. 3. Band seeding produced better early development of plants than other methods under adverse seeding conditions except where nitrogen and potassium were used alone or in combination. With good-to-fair moisture, the use of nitrogen and potash alone or in combination produced fair stands of grass but reduced legume stands and development of se- edling in both species. In very dry seasons these treatments produced little or no stands of either species. 4. Among the broadcast treatments, better stands were obtained where seed was deposi- ted ahead of a double corrugated roller instead of between the rollers (common farm prac- tice). This treatment did not produce adequate stands in the drier years, but with adequate moisture it was one of the best treatments. 5. Phosphorous and complete fertilizers stimulated early growth; but nitrogen and potash, either alone or in combination, had a depressing effect on stands, development, and yield. 6. The importance of proper placement of fertilizer in relation to the drilled seed is very clearly demonstrated in these studies. In practically all instances, a band of fertilizer placed 1 inch below the drilled seed stimulated development significantly, the exceptions being nitrogen and potassium fertilizers alone or in combination. Except for lower rates of phosphorus alone, contact placement of fertilizer was detrimental in most instances. Banding of fertilizer 1 inch to the side of the seed delayed stimulation of seedliongs. However, in general this delay was not long enough to cause serious damage. This may be an effective method of banding fertilizer in drier years and on legume seedlings. 7. Weed populations usually were reduced considerably in bandseeded plots. Two reasons are though to be responsible for this: (1) fertilizer is available only to those plants directly over the band; and (2) compaction of the soil occurs only over the band, which leaves a poor seedbed between the drilled rows. 8. Early-seedling development, as measured by percent trifoliate leaves in clover and num- ber of tillers in grass, appears to be one of the best indicators of establishment used in these experiments.
650 $aforage crops
650 $aColheita
650 $aForragem
653 $aAvaliacao
653 $aDesenvolvimento
653 $aDevelopment
653 $aEquipamento de pesquisa de campo
653 $aEvaluation
653 $aField research equipment
700 1 $aHULBURT, W. C.
700 1 $aWAGNER, R. E.
773 $tTechnical Bulletin$gn.1279, p.1-53, 1963.
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